Effect of Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni high entropy alloy addition on laser beam welded joint of Ti2AlNb based intermetallic alloy

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.036

Abstract

Abstract:

Ti₂AlNb based intermetallic alloys, a potential competitor for next-generation super alloys, are susceptible to high-temperature embrittlement due to nucleation of a metastable single B2 phase in the fusion zone (FZ) during laser beam welding (LBW). In this study, a high entropy alloy (HEA), Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni, was self-developed and introduced as an interlayer into laser beam welded joint (LBWJ) of Ti-22Al-27Nb to analyze its impact on the evolution of microstructure in the weld zone (WZ) and subsequently on joint performance. Microstructural examination was carried out through electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) comprising bright field (BF), selective area electron diffraction (SAED) and high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging. Addition of the HEA into FZ of LBWJ triggered heterogenous nucleation during solidification, resultantly, fine-grained B2 with a greater proportion of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) was developed. FZ of Ti-22Al-27Nb LBWJ, prepared with an interlayer of HEA, was composed of planar, cellular, columnar and equiaxed dendritic grains; a solidification mode which was different from that observed in LBWJ prepared without adulteration of the HEA. The impact of heterogenous nucleation during epitaxial solidification on mechanical properties was established through micro vickers hardness mapping and tensile test, conducted at room temperature. The average hardness, 343.5 HV, in the FZ of LBWJ prepared with an interlayer of HEA, was compatible with that of base material (BM), 345 HV. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 1062 MPa, and percentage elongation, 11.2%, of the HEA tempered LBWJ were found in close approximation with that of BM, 1060 MPa and 13.4%, respectively. A ductile mode of failure was observed during tensile test of the Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni supplemented LBWJ of Ti-22Al-27Nb, while quasi-cleavage mode of fracture was apparent in the joint of Ti-22Al-27Nb welded without addition of the HEA.

Key words: Laser beam welding, Ti₂AlNb based intermetallics, High entropy alloy, Heterogenous nucleation

Mirza Zahid Hussain, Jiangtao Xiong, Jinglong Li, Farah Siddique, Lin Jie Zhang, Yajie Du, Xian Rong Zhou. Effect of Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni high entropy alloy addition on laser beam welded joint of Ti₂AlNb based intermetallic alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 120: 214-226.

Figures/Tables 22

Table 1. Chemical composition (at.%) of the BM and the filler.

Elements	Al	Nb	Ti	Hf	Zr	Ni	Cu
Ti-22Al-27Nb	22.4	27.6	Bal.	-	-	-	-
Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni	-	-	22.9	15.5	Bal.	15.3	22.6

Fig. 1. Microstructure and XRD patterns: (a) microstructure of Ti-22Al-27Nb, (b) microstructure of Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni, (c) XRD patterns of Ti-22Al-27Nb and Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni.

Table 2. Mechanical properties of the BM (at room temperature).

BM	Tensile strength (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Hardness (HV)
Ti-22Al-27Nb	1060	13.4	345

Fig. 2. (a) Schematics of LBW setup, (b) geometries in the LBW setup, (c) dimensions of the tensile sample.

Table 3. LBW parameters.

Laser power (kW)	Welding speed (mm/min)	Laser spot diameter (mm)	Defocusing distance (mm)	Flow rate of Ar (L/min)	Purity of Ar (%)
1.9	1100	0.4	0	15	99.999

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional profiles of the LBWJs (SP: solidification profile and FL: fusion line): (a) J-0 and (b) J-1.

Fig. 4. EPMA of the LBWJ J-1: (a) positions for point analysis and (b-h) elemental distribution maps of Ti, Al, Hf, Ni, Cu, Zr, and Nb, respectively for the WZ.

Table 4. Chemical composition of the selected points (Fig. 4(a)) from FZ of J-1.

Point #	Chemical composition (at.%)
Point #	Ti	Al	Nb	Hf	Zr	Cu	Ni
1	55.048	17.075	25.399	0.4574	0.9076	0.4430	0.6702
2	54.442	16.820	26.232	0.5522	0.8381	0.5629	0.5531
3	55.421	16.904	25.364	0.4066	0.9510	0.4383	0.5163
4	54.765	17.810	24.886	0.4964	0.9079	0.6099	0.5236
5	54.430	16.753	26.381	0.3958	1.0671	0.4022	0.5709
6	58.064	16.041	24.028	0.4517	0.7169	0.0000	0.7164
7	52.338	14.563	26.582	1.6266	2.4435	1.4571	0.9895

Fig. 5. EBSD phase analysis of the HAZs (a) J-0, (b) J-1 and (c) phase legends for (a) and (b).

Fig. 6. A comparative EBSD analysis between FZ of J-0 and J-1: (a, c) phase profiles of J-0 and J-1, respectively; (d, f) grain size and its distribution, J-0 and J-1, respectively; (g, i) crystallographic orientation, J-0 and J-1, respectively; (j, l) recrystallized, deformed and substructure grains, J-0 and J-1, respectively; (b, e, h and k) legends for Fig. 6(a, c), Fig. 6(d, f), Fig. 6(g, i), and Fig. 6(j, l), respectively.

Fig. 7. A comparative EBSD analysis between FZ of J-0 and J-1: (a) grain size and its distribution, (b) inter-grain misorientation angle, (c) local area misorientation (intragrain misorientation), (d) XRD patterns for FZ of J-0 and J-1.

Fig. 8. TEM images of the S1: (a) BF image and (b, c) SAED patterns for the regions marked in Fig. 8(a).

Fig. 9. HAADF analysis of the grains shown in Fig. 8(a): (a) high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image and (b-h) elemental distribution of Ti, Al, Nb, Hf, Zr, Cu and Ni, respectively.

Fig. 10. TEM images of the S2: (a) BF image, B2 grain with LAGB; (b) HRSTEM image of the selected region from Fig. 10(a); (c) SAED patterns for the upper sub-grain shown in Fig. 10(b); (d) SAED patterns for LAGB as shown Fig. 10(b); (e) SAED patterns for lower sub-grain as shown in Fig. 10(b); (f) inset of Fig. 10(b), illustrating the dislocations at higher magnification.

Fig. 11. HAADF analysis of the S2 (a) HRTEM image and (b-h) elemental distribution of Ti, Al, Nb, Hf, Zr, Cu and Ni, respectively.

Fig. 12. Hardness maps of the LBWJs (a) J-0 and (b) J-1.

Fig. 13. Stress-strain diagram for J-0, J-1 and the BM.

Table 5. Room temperature tensile properties of J-0, J-1 and the BM.

Joint	Room temperature
Joint	UTS (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Fracture location
J-0	957	10.9	FZ
J-1	1062	11.2	Junction of FZ and HAZ
BM	1060	13.4	BM

Fig. 14. Fractographs of tensile samples: (a) J-0, (b-d) selective regions from Fig. 14(a), (e) J-1, (f-h) selective regions from Fig. 14(e).

Table 6. Chemical composition of the marked regions in Fig. 14.

Region #	Chemical composition (at.%)
Region #	Ti	Al	Nb	Hf	Zr	Cu	Ni
L1	Balance	20.89	25.16	-	-	-	-
L2	Balance	19.22	25.87	-	-	-	-
L3	Balance	20.91	25.77	-	-	-	-
L4	Balance	22.80	28.77	0.41	0.78	0.39	0.58
L5	Balance	14.25	25.24	1.26	2.87	1.21	3.25
L6	Balance	21.54	26.96	0.38	0.82	0.42	0.64

Fig. 15. Solidification mode of the FZ J-1: (a) WZ of J-1 and (b) selected region from the FZ of Fig. 15(a).

Fig. 16. A comparative analysis between solidification mechanism of weld pool, J-0 and J-1: (a) J-0, normal mode of solidification through nucleation and growth from BM; (b) J-1, effect of heterogenous nucleation on composite mode of solidification and grain refinement due to addition of the HEA in LBWJ. (Note: Fig. 16 was developed by combining the results from Figs. 6 and 15).

References 37

[1]	L. Germann, D. Banerjee, J.Y. Guédou, J.L. Strudel, Intermetallics 13 (2005) 920-924. DOI URL
[2]	G. Choubey, L. Suneetha, K.M. Pandey, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 1321-1326.
[3]	J.C. Williams, E.A. Starke, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 5775-5799. DOI URL
[4]	M. Peters, J. Kumpfert, C.H. Ward, C. Leyens, Adv. Eng. Mater. 5 (2003) 419-427. DOI URL
[5]	C.J. Cowen, C.J. Boehlert, Intermetallics 14 (2006) 412-422. DOI URL
[6]	X. Jiao, G. Liu, D. Wang, Y. Wu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 680 (2017) 182-189. DOI URL
[7]	X. Jiao, D. Wang, J. Yang, Z. Liu, G. Liu, J. Alloy. Compd. 789 (2019) 639-646. DOI URL
[8]	Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Yu, H. Liang, Y. Huang, Z. Ma, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 776 (2020) 139043. DOI URL
[9]	H. Zhang, N. Yan, H. Liang, Y. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 80 (2021) 203-216. DOI URL
[10]	K. Goyal, N. Sardana, Mater. Today Proc. 41 (2021) 951-968.
[11]	Y. Zhao, L.B. Liu, L.G. Zhang, J.J. Yang, P.J. Masset, Metals 10 (2020) 1-16 (Basel). DOI URL
[12]	T.K. Nandy, D. Banerjee, Intermetallics 8 (2020) 1269-1282. DOI URL
[13]	B. Shao, D. Shan, B. Guo, Y. Zong, Int. J. Plast. 113 (2019) 18-34. DOI URL
[14]	J. Cao, J. Qi, X. Song, J. Feng, Materials 7 (2014) 4 930-4 962 (Basel).
[15]	Z. Lei, Z. Dong, Y. Chen, J. Zhang, R. Zhu, Mater. Des. 46 (2013) 151-156. DOI URL
[16]	Y. Chen, K. Zhang, X. Hu, Z. Lei, L. Ni, J. Alloy. Compd. 681 (2016) 175-185. DOI URL
[17]	X. Jiao, B. Kong, W. Tao, G. Liu, H. Ning, Mater. Des. 130 (2017) 166-174. DOI URL
[18]	K. Zhang, L. Ni, Z. Lei, Y. Chen, X. Hu, Mater. Charact. 123 (2017) 51-57. DOI URL
[19]	Z. Lei, K. Zhang, H. Zhou, L. Ni, Y. Chen, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 255 (2018) 477-487. DOI URL
[20]	K. Zhang, Z. Lei, Y. Chen, K. Yang, Y. Bao, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 744 (2019) 436-444. DOI URL
[21]	K. Zhang, Z. Lei, L. Ni, H. Zhou, Y. Chen, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 288 (2021) 116848. DOI URL
[22]	D. Luo, Y. Xiao, L. Hardwick, R. Snell, M. Way, X.S. Morell, F. Livera, N. Ludford, C. Panwisawas, H. Dong, R. Goodall, Entropy 23 (2021) 78. DOI URL
[23]	X. Ren, H. Ren, Y. Shang, H. Xiong, K. Zhang, J. Zheng, D. Liu, J. Lin, J. Jiang, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 30 (2020) 410-416. DOI URL
[24]	Y.H. Meng, F.H. Duan, J. Pan, Y. Li, Intermetallics 111 (2019) 106515. DOI URL
[25]	G. Yi, X. Zhang, J. Qin, J. Ning, S. Zhang, M. Ma, R. Liu, Comput. Mater. Sci. 110 (2015) 121-125. DOI URL
[26]	K.K. Song, D.Y. Wu, S. Pauly, C.X. Peng, L. Wang, J. Eckert, Intermetallics 67 (2015) 177-184. DOI URL
[27]	D. Piorunek, J. Frenzel, N. Jöns, C. Somsen, G. Eggeler, Intermetallics 122 (2020) 106792. DOI URL
[28]	S.H. Chang, P.T. Lin, C.W. Tsai, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 1-7. DOI URL
[29]	M. Abdel-Hady, K. Hinoshita, M. Morinaga, Scr. Mater. 55 (2006) 477-480. DOI URL
[30]	M. Abdel-Hady, H. Fuwa, K. Hinoshita, H. Kimura, Y. Shinzato, M. Morinaga, Scr. Mater. 57 (2007) 1000-1003. DOI URL
[31]	J. Lin, S. Ozan, Y. Li, D. Ping, X. Tong, G. Li, C. Wen, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 1-11. DOI URL
[32]	H. Fu, F. Xie, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2 (2001) 193-196. DOI URL
[33]	R. Trivedi, W. Kurz, Acta Metall. 34 (1986) 1663-1670. DOI URL
[34]	S. Kou, Welding Metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.
[35]	M. Hakamada, Y. Nakamoto, H. Matsumoto, H. Iwasaki, Y. Chen, H. Kusuda, M. Mabuchi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 457 (2007) 120-126. DOI URL
[36]	H.M. Zahid, J.T. Xiong, J. Li, S. Farah, L.J. Zhang, X.R. Zhou, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 825 (2021) 141843. DOI URL
[37]	P. Thirathipviwat, G. Song, J. Bednarcik, U. Kühn, T. Gemming, K. Nielsch, J. Han, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 30 (2020) 545-551. DOI URL

Effect of Ti-Hf-Zr-Cu-Ni high entropy alloy addition on laser beam welded joint of Ti₂AlNb based intermetallic alloy

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 22

References 37

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Fan Yang, Lilin Wang, Zhijun Wang, Qingfeng Wu, Kexuan Zhou, Xin Lin, Weidong Huang. Ultra strong and ductile eutectic high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 106(0): 128-132.
[2]	Yuan-Yuan Tan, Zhong-Jun Chen, Ming-Yao Su, Gan Ding, Min-Qiang Jiang, Zhou-Can Xie, Yu Gong, Tao Wu, Zhong-Hua Wu, Hai-Ying Wang, Lan-Hong Dai. Lattice distortion and magnetic property of high entropy alloys at low temperatures [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 104(0): 236-243.
[3]	Hongge Li, Wenjie Zhao, Tian Chen, Yongjiang Huang, Jianfei Sun, Ping Zhu, Yunzhuo Lu, Alfonso H.W. Ngan, Daqing Wei, Qing Du, Yongchun Zou. Beneficial effects of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of additively manufactured high entropy alloy: cyclic vs single cryogenic cooling [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 115(0): 40-51.
[4]	Y.F. Zhao, H.H. Chen, D.D. Zhang, J.Y. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, K. Wu, G. Liu, J. Sun. Unusual He-ion irradiation strengthening and inverse layer thickness-dependent strain rate sensitivity in transformable high-entropy alloy/metal nanolaminates: A comparison of Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀/Cu vs Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Ni₁₀/Cu [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 116(0): 199-213.
[5]	Jingbo Gao, Yuting Jin, Yongqiang Fan, Dake Xu, Lei Meng, Cong Wang, Yuanping Yu, Deliang Zhang, Fuhui Wang. Fabricating antibacterial CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy via selective laser melting and in-situ alloying [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 102(0): 159-165.
[6]	Yu Yin, Qiyang Tan, Qiang Sun, Wangrui Ren, Jingqi Zhang, Shiyang Liu, Yingang Liu, Michael Bermingham, Houwen Chen, Ming-Xing Zhang. Heterogeneous lamella design to tune the mechanical behaviour of a new cost-effective compositionally complicated alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 96(0): 113-125.
[7]	Lin He, Shiwei Wu, Anping Dong, Haibin Tang, Dafan Du, Guoliang Zhu, Baode Sun, Wentao Yan. Selective laser melting of dense and crack-free AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy: Synergizing strength and ductility [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 117(0): 133-145.
[8]	Jufu Jiang, Minjie Huang, Ying Wang, Yingze Liu, Ying Zhang. Microstructure evolution and formation mechanism of CoCrCu_1.2FeNi high entropy alloy during the whole process of semi‐solid billet preparation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 120(0): 172-185.
[9]	Meng Dai, P.P. Cao, H.L. Huang, S.H. Jiang, X.J. Liu, H. Wang, Y. Wu, Z.P. Lu. Microstructural stability and aging behavior of refractory high entropy alloys at intermediate temperatures [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 122(0): 243-254.
[10]	Chen Chen, Yanzhou Fan, Wei Wang, Hang Zhang, Jialiang Hou, Ran Wei, Tao Zhang, Tan Wang, Mo Li, Shaokang Guan, Fushan Li. Synthesis of ultrafine dual-phase structure in CrFeCoNiAl_0.6 high entropy alloy via solid-state phase transformation during sub-rapid solidification [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 113(0): 253-260.
[11]	Jianping Yang, Linwen Jiang, Zhonghao Liu, Zhuo Tang, Anhua Wu. Multifunctional interstitial-carbon-doped FeCoNiCu high entropy alloys with excellent electromagnetic-wave absorption performance [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 113(0): 61-70.
[12]	S. Shuang, Q. Yu, X. Gao, Q.F. He, J.Y. Zhang, S.Q. Shi, Y. Yang. Tuning the microstructure for superb corrosion resistance in eutectic high entropy alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 197-208.
[13]	Pengfei Zhou, Dong Liu, Yuyun Chen, Mingpeng Chen, Yunxiao Liu, Shi Chen, Chi Tat Kwok, Yuxin Tang, Shuangpeng Wang, Hui Pan. Corrosion engineering boosting bulk Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀ high-entropy alloy as high-efficient alkaline oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 267-275.
[14]	Shiyu Wu, Dongxu Qiao, Haitao Zhang, Junwei Miao, Hongliang Zhao, Jun Wang, Yiping Lu, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li. Microstructure and mechanical properties of C_xHf_0.25NbTaW_0.5 refractory high-entropy alloys at room and high temperatures [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 97(0): 229-238.
[15]	H.T. Jeong, W.J. Kim. Effect of roll speed ratio on the texture and microstructural evolution of an FCC high-entropy alloy during differential speed rolling [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 152-166.