Progress in graphene-based magnetic hybrids towards highly efficiency for microwave absorption

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.066

Abstract

Abstract:

Nowadays, the yearning for microwave absorption materials (MAMs) are more and more urgent for dealing with the increasingly serious electromagnetic pollution and the demand of modern military security. Among potential candidates, the graphene (GE) based magnetic hybrids have advantages in structural controllable and designing flexibility, providing opportunities for achieving highly efficiency of microwave absorption (MA). Thus, the structural regulation and MA performances of GE-based magnetic hybrids arouse great attention in related fields. In this review, we summarize the recently progress in MA performance of GE-based magnetic hybrids. Typical absorption process and corresponding mechanism are firstly introduced, for guiding the design of GE-based magnetic MAMs. Then, the magnetic components, synthesis methods, structural features and regulation strategies of these GE-related magnetic materials are reviewed, and their influences on MA performances have also been discussed. Challenges, and prospects of the GE-based magnetic MAMs are suggested. This review provides a brief but systematic introduction to GE-based magnetic MAMs, which may pave the way for the design of MAMs with highly efficient MA performances.

Key words: Graphene-based magnetic hybrids, Microwave absorption, Structural regulation, Impedance matching, Dissipative capacity

Fuxi Peng, Mingfeng Dai, Zhenyu Wang, Yifan Guo, Zuowan Zhou. Progress in graphene-based magnetic hybrids towards highly efficiency for microwave absorption[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 106: 147-161.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. Over view of GE-based magnetic hybrids for MA property.

Fig. 2. EM wave incidence and loss mechanism. (a) Schematic diagram of EM wave incidence. (b) The Cole-Cole curve of PPy/Graphene Oxide (GO). (c) the first and (d) the second relaxation semicircle for PPy/GO. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [46,54].

Fig. 3. (a) Illustration of the prepared route Co@C/rGO composites. (b-e) TEM images of Co@C composites at different calcination temperatures. (f) The magnetization hysteresis loops of Co@C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83].

Fig. 4. Preparation, characterization and performance of NCG. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesize process for Ni@C/GE composites. (b) Microwave attenuation process in composites. The minimum RL values (c) of composites in 2-18 GHz. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [87].

Fig. 5. Fabrication process, morphology features and tunable performance of Fe3O4/GE composites. (a) The illustration of fabricating Fe3O4 cluster anchored on GE layer. (b-e) TEM images of Fe3O4/GE hybrids that contains different ratio of Fe3O4 clusters, and (f) corresponding reflection loss value. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94].

Table 1. Summary of magnetic metal hybridized GE hybrids for microwave absorptions.

Material	Matrix	Filling ratio (wt%)	Thickness (mm)	RL (dB)	*EAB (GHz)	Refs.
MnO₂@Fe/GE	Paraffin	50	1.50	-17.5	4.0	[62]
Fe/rGO	Paraffin	50	3.26	-72.8	5.9	[64]
Co/C	Paraffin	70	1.70	-15.7	5.4	[67]
GE@Ni	Paraffin	50	2.80	-53.9	5.4	[68]
Co@C/rGO	Paraffin	15	2.50	-44.1	4.0	[83]
N-rGA/Ni	Paraffin	10	2.10	-60.8	5.1	[85]
Ni@C/GE	Paraffin	15	2.50	-45.5	5.6	[87]
Co₃O₄@rGO	SiO₂	10	1.78	-52.6	4.0	[88]
Fe₃O₄ /rGO rGF/EP	Paraffin	45	2.10	-48.6	6.3	[93]
Fe₃O₄/N-GE	Wax	70	1.80	-53.6	5.0	[94]
GE @Fe	Paraffin	60	2.00	-58.0	11.0	[97]
Co/GE	Paraffin	50	1.30	-24.3	14.4	[98]
Fe₃O₄/N-GE	Paraffin	50	3.40	-65.3	4.0	[99]
Ni/GE foam	Wax	1	2.60	-29.2	5.0	[100]
rGO@Ni-MoS₂	Wax	40	2.00	-40.0	5.0	[101]
Fe/N-rGO	Paraffin	5	2.50	-49.1	14.9	[102]
Co@NC@rGO	Paraffin	50	3.50	-46.5	14.3	[103]

Fig. 6. Microstructure and MA performance of CFO/N-rGO aerogels. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabricated route CFO/N-rGO aerogels. SEM (b) and TEM (c) images of CNGA-2. (d) Reflection Loss of CNGA-2 at different thickness in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. (e) Microwave attention mechanism of CFO/N-rGO aerogels. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [122].

Fig. 7. Schematic representation of arc plasma method. (a) Fabrication of microporous Co nanoparticles. (b) Preparation of GE layers wrapped magnetic nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [125,129].

Table 2. Summary of multiple alloy/GE composites for microwave absorptions.

Material	Matrix	Filling Ratio (wt%)	Thickness (mm)	RL (dB)	EAB (GHz)	Refs.
Fe_xO_y/FeNi₃/rGO	Wax	20	2.70	-40.3	4.5	[82]
Co_0.8Fe_2.2O₄/rGO	Paraffin	50	2.10	-51.2	7.2	[105]
ZnFe₂O₄@rGO	Paraffin	75	2.50	-41.1	3.2	[106]
Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄/GE	Paraffin	50	4.00	-30.9	0.6	[109]
rGO/N-C/FeNi	Paraffin	8	2.55	-68.8	5.4	[114]
NiFe₂O₄/N-rGO	Paraffin	50	2.20	-54.4	4.5	[119]
NrGO/Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄	Paraffin	40	2.91	-63.2	5.4	[121]
CoFe₂O₄@rGO	Paraffin	20	2.10	-60.4	6.5	[122]
CoχNi100-χ@GE	Paraffin	40	2.10-6.00	-53.0	12.8	[129]
NiFe@N-GE	Wax	40	2.20	-46.9	4.1	[130]
CoFe₂O₄@GE	Paraffin	45	2.00	-42.0	4.6	[131]
CoNi@GE	Paraffin	55	2.50	-54.0	5.2	[132]

Fig. 8. Magnetism, structure features and MA performance of PANi/ND/GE composites. (a) Schematic for the fabrication of carbonized polyaniline/nanodiamond/GE hybrids. (b) Hysteresis loop of composites measured at room temperature. (c) HRTEM images of PANi/ND/GE900. (d) Schematic for detailed EM loss mechanism of composites. (e) The RL results of composites at thickness of 1.8 mm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38].

Fig. 9. Ferromagnetism of magic-angle twisted bilayer GE. (a) Schematics of the magic-angle TBG as a ferromagnetic topological insulator. (b) Hysteresis loop of the magic-angle TBG. (c) Image of magnetization density. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [140,142,146].

Fig. 10. Schematic description of microwave absorption mechanism of GE aerogels. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85].

Fig. 11. Porous morphology and loss features of twin hollow GE microspheres. (a) Schematic diagram of hollow GO aerogel spheres. (b) SEM image of the cross-section view of GO aerogel spheres. (c) Schematic illustration of the absorption mechanism of hollow GE aerogel spheres. (d) 3D plots of minimum reflection loss evaluation of GE aerogel spheres (GAS), hollow GE aerogel spheres (HGAS2) and twin hollow GE microspheres (BGAS2). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [154].

Fig. 12. Hierarchical structure and MA performance of CoNi@GE@NCNTs. (a) SEM images of 3D urchin-like CoNi@GENCNTs. (b, c) TEM images of 3D urchin-like CoNi@GE@NCNTs. (d) 3D diagrams of the MW absorption properties of 3D urchin-like CoNi@GE@NCNTs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132].

Fig. 13. Construction route and loss ability of Co3O4@rGO hybrids. (a) Fabrication process of Co3O4@rGO hybrids. (b) SEM images of Co3O4@rGO hybrids. (c) 3D evaluation plot of RL versus temperatures and thicknesses. (d) Schematic illustrations for the microwave absorption of samples. (e) The tan δm, tan δe and (f) the Zin values of the Co3O4@rGO sample with increasing temperature. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88].

Fig. 14. Micromorphology features and loss capability of FeCo nanochians/GO composites. (a, b) TEM and HRTEM images of FeCo nanochians/GO composites. (c) Schematic illustration of microwave attention mechanisms for composites. The reflection loss (d) of S2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [166].

Table 3. Summary of hierarchical structures of GE-based magnetic hybrids for microwave absorptions.

Material	Filling ratio (wt%)	Thickness (mm)	RL (dB)	Bandwidth (GHz)	Hierarchical structures	Refs.
CoNi@GE	55	2.50	-54.0	5.2	Core-shell	[132]
Ti₃C₂Tx@GE	10	1.20	-49.1	2.9	Aerogel	[147]
Ti₃C₂Tx@GE	10	1.20	-49.1	2.9	microspheres	[147]
CNTs/GE	4	1.70	-31.0	8.5	Aerogel	[151]
Fe₃O₄@C/GE	/	0.99	-54.0	6.5	Aerogel	[153]
HGAS	5	2.30	-52.7	7.0	Aerogel	[154]
HGAS	5	2.30	-52.7	7.0	spheres	[154]
Ni@N-GE	23	2.30	-58.7	5.8	Foam	[156]
FeCo/PVP/GO	/	2.00	-40.9	4.9	Nano Chains	[166]

References 166

[1]	W. Yang, B. Jiang, Z. Liu, R. Li, L. Hou, Z. Li, Y. Duan, X. Yan, F. Yang, Y. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 70 (2021) 214-223. DOI URL
[2]	G. Wang, S.J.H. Ong, Y. Zhao, Z.J. Xu, G. Ji, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 24368-24387. DOI URL
[3]	C. Chen, S. Zeng, X. Han, Y. Tan, W. Feng, H. Shen, S. Peng, H. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 54 (2020) 223-229. DOI
[4]	Z. Zhang, J. Tan, W. Gu, H. Zhao, J. Zheng, B. Zhang, G. Ji, Chem. Eng. J. 395 (2020) 125190. DOI URL
[5]	L. Wang, Y. Guan, X. Qiu, H. Zhu, S. Pan, M. Yu, Q. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 326 (2017) 945-955. DOI URL
[6]	H. Liang, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Luo, H. Wu, Compos. Part B 178 (2019) 107507. DOI URL
[7]	T. Zhu, S. Chang, Y.-.F. Song, M. Lahoubi, W. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 373 (2019) 755-766. DOI URL
[8]	H. Zhao, Y. Cheng, Z. Zhang, B. Zhang, C. Pei, F. Fan, G. Ji, Carbon 173 (2021) 501-511. DOI URL
[9]	M. Li, X. Fan, H. Xu, F. Ye, J. Xue, X. Li, L. Cheng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 59 (2020) 164-172. DOI URL
[10]	L. Cui, X. Han, F. Wang, H. Zhao, Y. Du, J. Mater. Sci. 56 (2021) 10782-10811. DOI URL
[11]	L. Cui, C. Tian, L. Tang, X. Han, Y. Wang, D. Liu, P. Xu, C. Li, Y. Du, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 31182-31190. DOI URL
[12]	Y. Chen, L. Pang, Y. Li, H. Luo, G. Duan, C. Mei, W. Xu, W. Zhou, K. Liu, S. Jiang, Compos. Part A 135 (2020) 105960. DOI URL
[13]	A. Hazarika, B.K. Deka, K. Kong, D. Kim, Y.W. Nam, J.H. Choi, C.G. Kim, Y.B. Park, H.W. Park, Compos. Part B 140 (2018) 123-132. DOI URL
[14]	J. Zhao, J. Zhang, L. Wang, S. Lyu, W. Ye, B.B. Xu, H. Qiu, L. Chen, J. Gu, Compos. Part A 129 (2020) 105714. DOI URL
[15]	J. Zhao, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Li, T. Feng, J. Fan, L. Chen, J. Gu, Compos. Commun. 22 (2020) 100486. DOI URL
[16]	L. Wang, X. Shi, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Gu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 52 (2020) 119-126. DOI
[17]	H. Zhao, X. Xu, Y. Wang, D. Fan, D. Liu, K. Lin, P. Xu, X. Han, Y. Du, Small 16 (2020) e2003407.
[18]	D. Liu, Y. Du, P. Xu, N. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhao, L. Cui, X. Han, J. Mater. Chem. C 7 (2019) 5037-5046. DOI URL
[19]	D. Liu, Y. Du, P. Xu, F. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Cui, H. Zhao, X. Han, J. Mater. Chem. A 9 (2021) 5086-5096. DOI URL
[20]	L. Cui, Y. Wang, X. Han, P. Xu, F. Wang, D. Liu, H. Zhao, Y. Du, Carbon 174 (2021) 673-682. DOI URL
[21]	F. Wang, N. Wang, X. Han, D. Liu, Y. Wang, L. Cui, P. Xu, Y. Du, Carbon 145 (2019) 701-711. DOI URL
[22]	M. Zhang, X. Fang, Y. Zhang, J. Guo, C. Gong, D. Estevez, F. Qin, J. Zhang, Nan-otechnology 31 (2020) 275707.
[23]	C. Chen, J. Xi, E. Zhou, L. Peng, Z. Chen, C. Gao, Nano Micro Lett. 10 (2018) 26. DOI URL
[24]	S. Zhao, J. Yang, F. Duan, B. Zhang, Y. Liu, B. Zhang, C. Chen, Y. Qin, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 598 (2021) 45-55. DOI URL
[25]	F. Meng, H. Wang, F. Huang, Y. Guo, Z. Wang, D. Hui, Z. Zhou, Compos. Part B Eng. 137 (2018) 260-277. DOI URL
[26]	Q. Zhang, Z. Du, X. Huang, Z. Zhao, T. Guo, G. Zeng, Y. Yu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 473 (2019) 706-714. DOI URL
[27]	K. Wang, S. Zhang, W. Chu, H. Li, Y. Chen, B. Chen, B. Chen, H. Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 591 (2021) 463-473. DOI URL
[28]	X. Wang, J. Liao, R. Du, G. Wang, N. Tsidaeva, W. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 590 (2021) 186-198. DOI URL
[29]	N. Zhang, Y. Huang, M. Wang, X. Liu, M. Zong, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 534 (2019) 110-121. DOI URL
[30]	B. Zhao, X. Zhang, J. Deng, Z. Bai, L. Liang, Y. Li, R. Zhang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 (2018) 28623-28633. DOI URL
[31]	B. Zhao, Y. Li, H. Ji, P. Bai, S. Wang, B. Fan, X. Guo, R. Zhang, Carbon 176 (2021) 411-420. DOI URL
[32]	G. Wu, H. Zhang, X. Luo, L. Yang, H. Lv, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 536 (2019) 548-555. DOI URL
[33]	Y. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Dai, L. Wang, H. Yang, J. Alloys Compd. 739 (2018) 202-210. DOI URL
[34]	Y. Liu, Z. Chen, Y. Zhang, R. Feng, X. Chen, C. Xiong, L. Dong, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 13860-13868. DOI URL
[35]	X. Xie, C. Ni, Z. Lin, D. Wu, X. Sun, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, W. Du, Chem. Eng. J. 396 (2020) 125205. DOI URL
[36]	F.Ebrahimi Tazangi, S.H. Hekmatara, J.Seyed Yazdi, J. Alloy. Compd. 854 (2021) 157213. DOI URL
[37]	K.Y. Chen, S. Gupta, N.H. Tai, Compos. Commun. 23 (2021) 100572. DOI URL
[38]	X. Chen, H. Xu, Y. Zhang, L. Tao, L. Yuan, F. Meng, R. Huang, P. Wang, Z. Zhou, Nanotechnology 31 (2020) 415701. DOI URL
[39]	S. Song, A. Zhang, L. Chen, Q. Jia, C. Zhou, J. Liu, X. Wang, Carbon 176 (2021) 279-289. DOI URL
[40]	R. Tan, J. Zhou, Z. Yao, B. Wei, J. Zu, H. Lin, Z. Li, J. Alloy. Compd. 857 (2021) 157568. DOI URL
[41]	B. Wang, Q. Wu, Y. Fu, T. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 86 (2021) 91-109. DOI URL
[42]	F. Meng, H. Wang, Wei, Z. Chen, T. Li, C. Li, Y. Xuan, Z. Zhou, Nano Res. 11 (2018) 2847-2861. DOI URL
[43]	F. Peng, F. Meng, Y. Guo, H. Wang, F. Huang, Z. Zhou, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 16744-16753. DOI URL
[44]	Y. Yao, S. Jin, J. Sun, L. Li, H. Zou, P. Wen, G. Lv, X. Lv, Q. Shu, J. Alloys Compd. 862 (2021) 158005. DOI URL
[45]	Jean Michel Thomassin X. Lou C. Pagnoulle A. Saib L. Bednarz I. Huynen R. Jérôme C. Detrembleur J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007) 11186-11192. DOI URL
[46]	G. Han, Z. Ma, B. Zhou, C. He, B. Wang, Y. Feng, J. Ma, L. Sun, C. Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 583 (2021) 571-578. DOI URL
[47]	C. Wang, V. Murugadoss, J. Kong, Z. He, X. Mai, Q. Shao, Y. Chen, L. Guo, C. Liu, S. Angaiah, Z. Guo, Carbon 140 (2018) 696-733. DOI URL
[48]	M.S. Eric Michielssen, S. Ranjithan, Raj Mittra, J. Appl. Phys. 41 (1993) 1024-1031. DOI URL
[49]	Y. Zhao, W. Wang, J. Wang, J. Zhai, X. Lei, W. Zhao, J. Li, H. Yang, J. Tian, J. Yan, Carbon 173 (2021) 1059-1072. DOI URL
[50]	S.B.J. S.S.Kim, K.I. Gueon, K.K. Choi, J.M. Kim, K.S. Chum, IEEE Trans. Magn. 27 (1991) 5462-5464. DOI URL
[51]	H. Wang, H. Ma, Mater. Res. Bull. 122 (2020) 110692. DOI URL
[52]	P. Gao, Y.J. Chen, C.L. Zhu, R.X. Wang, L.J. Wang, M.S. Cao, X.Y. Fang, J. Appl. Phys. 106 (2009) 054303. DOI URL
[53]	R.H. Cole, K.S. Cole, J. Chem. Phys. 9 (1941) 341. DOI URL
[54]	X. Chen, J. Chen, F. Meng, L. Shan, M. Jiang, X. Xu, J. Lu, Y. Wang, Z. Zhou, Compos. Sci. Technol. 127 (2016) 71-78. DOI URL
[55]	M.S. Cao, J. Yang, W.L. Song, D.Q. Zhang, B. Wen, H.B. Jin, Z.L. Hou, J. Yuan, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 6949-6956. DOI URL
[56]	R. Shu, G. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Gao, M. Wang, Y. Gan, J. Shi, J. He, Chem. Eng. J. 337 (2018) 242-255. DOI URL
[57]	B. Qu, C. Zhu, C. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 3730-3735. DOI URL
[58]	M.Z. Yupeng Shi, X.F. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y.H. Zhang, Z.Y. Jiang, H.X. Si, C.H. Gong, J. Appl. Phys. 126 (2019) 105109. DOI URL
[59]	Z. Yu, N. Zhang, Z. Yao, X. Han, Z. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (2013) 12462. DOI URL
[60]	X. Qi, Y. Yang, W. Zhong, C. Qin, Y. Deng, C. Au, Y. Du, Carbon 48 (2010) 3512-3522. DOI URL
[61]	S. Liu, M. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Wei, Y. Shi, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, C. Gong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 (2018) 083905. DOI URL
[62]	G.J. Hualiang Lv, XiaoHui Liang, Haiqian Zhang, Youwei Du, J. Mater. Chem. C 3 (2015) 5056-5064. DOI URL
[63]	D. Xu, S. Yang, P. Chen, Q. Yu, X. Xiong, J. Wang, Carbon 146 (2019) 301-312. DOI URL
[64]	Y. Wu, W. Pan, Y. Li, B. Yang, B. Meng, R. Li, R. Yu, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2 (2019) 4367-4376. DOI URL
[65]	T. Wu, Y. Liu, X. Zeng, T. Cui, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, G. Tong, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 7370-7380. DOI URL
[66]	J. Deng, X. Zhang, B. Zhao, Z. Bai, S. Wen, S. Li, S. Li, J. Yang, R. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. C 6 (2018) 7128-7140. DOI URL
[67]	B.Y. Zhu, P. Miao, J. Kong, X.L. Zhang, G.Y. Wang, K.J. Chen, Crys. Growth Des. 19 (2019) 1518-1524. DOI URL
[68]	Q. Yu, Y. Wang, P. Chen, H. Chen, W. Nie, Y. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30 (2019) 14480-14489. DOI URL
[69]	S.L. Wen, Y. Liu, X. Zhao, Adv. Powder Technol. 26 (2015) 1520-1528. DOI URL
[70]	H. Lv, X. Liang, G. Ji, H. Zhang, Y. Du, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 9776-9783. DOI URL
[71]	X.L. Dong, X.F. Zhang, H. Huang, Y.Y. Liu, W.N. Wang, X.G. Zhu, B. Lv, J.P. Lei, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 053115. DOI URL
[72]	M. Itoh, J.R. Liu, M. Terada, T. Horikawa, K. Machida, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 093101. DOI URL
[73]	X. Wang, G. Shi, F.N. Shi, G. Xu, Y. Qi, D. Li, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. You, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 40844-40853. DOI URL
[74]	L. Wang, X. Bai, B. Wen, Z. Du, Y. Lin, Compos. Part B Eng. 166 (2019) 464-471. DOI URL
[75]	Y. Zhang, S. Gao, H. Xing, H. Li, J. Alloy. Compd. 801 (2019) 609-618. DOI URL
[76]	L. Huang, C. Chen, X. Huang, S. Ruan, Y.J. Zeng, Compos. Part B Eng. 164 (2019) 583-589. DOI URL
[77]	H.G. Shi, T. Wang, J.B. Cheng, H.B. Zhao, S.L. Li, Y.Z. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 863 (2021) 158090. DOI URL
[78]	G. Gou, F. Meng, H. Wang, M. Jiang, W. Wei, Z. Zhou, Nano Res. 12 (2019) 1423-1429. DOI URL
[79]	H. Wang, F. Meng, J. Li, T. Li, Z. Chen, H. Luo, Z. Zhou, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 11801-11810. DOI URL
[80]	Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Huang, G. Zhao, T. Cong, X. Zuo, Z. fan, S. Yang, L. Pan, Carbon 171 (2021) 395-408. DOI URL
[81]	Y. Liu, Z. Chen, W. Xie, S. Song, Y. Zhang, L. Dong, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7 (2019) 5318-5328. DOI URL
[82]	J. Xie, H. Jiang, J. Li, F. Huang, A. Zaman, X. Chen, D. Gao, Y. Guo, D. Hui, Z. Zhou, Nanotechnol. Rev. 10 (2021) 1-9. DOI URL
[83]	D.W. He, C. Fu, Y.S. Wang, X. Zhao, Synth. Met. 257 (2019) 116187. DOI URL
[84]	X. Wang, P. Zhou, G. Qiu, X. Zhang, L. Wang, Q. Zhang, M. Wang, Z. Liu, J. Alloy. Compd. 842 (2020) 155807. DOI URL
[85]	J. Tang, N. Liang, L. Wang, J. Li, G. Tian, D. Zhang, S. Feng, H. Yue, Carbon 152 (2019) 575-586. DOI URL
[86]	L. Yu, G. Wan, Y. Qin, G. Wang, Electrochim. Acta 268 (2018) 283-294. DOI URL
[87]	X. Xu, G. Wang, G. Wan, S. Shi, C. Hao, Y. Tang, G. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 382 (2020) 122980. DOI URL
[88]	J. Ma, J. Shu, W. Cao, M. Zhang, X. Wang, J. Yuan, M. Cao, Compos. Part B Eng. 166 (2019) 187-195. DOI URL
[89]	N. Wu, C. Liu, D. Xu, J. Liu, W. Liu, Q. Shao, Z. Guo, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 12471-12480. DOI URL
[90]	C. Liang, P. Song, A. Ma, X. Shi, H. Gu, L. Wang, H. Qiu, J. Kong, J. Gu, Compos. Sci. Technol. 181 (2019) 107683. DOI URL
[91]	S. Bandaru, N. Murthy, R. Kulkarni, N.J. English, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 86 (2021) 127-138. DOI URL
[92]	P. Wang, J. Zhang, G. Wang, B. Duan, D. He, T. Wang, F. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 1931-1939. DOI
[93]	X. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Ding, X. Zhao, P. Liu, T. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 72 (2021) 93-103. DOI URL
[94]	X.X. Wang, T. Ma, J.C. Shu, M.S. Cao, Chem. Eng. J. 332 (2018) 321-330. DOI URL
[95]	M.S. Cao. Bo Wen, Z.L. Hou, W.L. Song, L. Zhang, M.M. Lu, H.B. Jin, X.Y. Fang, W.Z. Wang, J. Yuan, Carbon, 65 (2013) 124-139. DOI URL
[96]	M.S. Cao, W.L. Song, Z.L. Hou, B. Wen, J. Yuan, Carbon 48 (2010) 788-796. DOI URL
[97]	D. Zhang, Y. Deng, C. Han, H. Zhu, C. Yan, H. Zhang, Nanomaterials 10 (2020).
[98]	F. Yan, Y. Zong, C. Zhao, G. Tan, Y. Sun, X. Li, Z. Ren, X. Zheng, J. Alloy. Compd. 742 (2018) 928-936. DOI URL
[99]	Z. Li, X. Li, Y. Zong, G. Tan, Y. Sun, Y. Lan, M. He, Z. Ren, X. Zheng, Carbon 115 (2017) 493-502. DOI URL
[100]	L. Xiong, M. Yu, J. Liu, S. Li, B. Xue, RSC Adv. 7 (2017) 14733-14741. DOI URL
[101]	W. Uddin, S.U. Rehman, M.A. Aslam, S.U. Rehman, M. Wu, M. Zhu, Mater. Res. Bull. 130 (2020) 110943. DOI URL
[102]	K. Wang, Y. Chen, H. Li, B. Chen, K. Zeng, Y. Chen, H. Chen, Q. Liu, H. Liu, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2 (2019) 8063-8074. DOI URL
[103]	L. Liu, L. Wang, Q. Li, X. Yu, X. Shi, J. Ding, W. You, L. Yang, Y. Zhang, R. Che, Chem. Nano Mater. 5 (2019) 558-565.
[104]	N. Sun, W. Li, S. Wei, H. Gao, W. Wang, S. Chen, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 91 (2021) 187-199. DOI URL
[105]	W. Shen, B. Ren, K. Cai, Y.F. Song, W. Wang, J. Alloy. Compd. 774 (2019) 997-1008. DOI
[106]	G.Y. Zhang, R.W. Shu, J.B. Zhang, X. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Gan, J.J. Shi, J. He, Mater. Lett. 215 (2018) 229-232. DOI URL
[107]	Y. Zhang, X. Wang, M. Cao, Nano Res. 11 (2018) 1426-1436. DOI URL
[108]	J.R. Lomeda, C.E. Hamilton, Z.Z. Sun, J.M. Tour, A.R. Barron, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 3460-3462. DOI URL
[109]	P. Yin, Y. Deng, L. Zhang, W. Wu, J. Wang, X. Feng, X. Sun, H. Li, Y. Tao, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 20896-20905. DOI URL
[110]	A. B. Bourlinos, T.A. Steriotis, M. Karakassides, Y. Sanakis, V. Tzitzios, C. Trapalis, E. Kouvelos, A. Stubos, Carbon 45 (2007) 852-857. DOI URL
[111]	C. Liang, P. Song, H. Qiu, Y. Zhang, X. Ma, F. Qi, H. Gu, J. Kong, D. Cao, J. Gu, Nanoscale 11 (2019) 22590-22598. DOI URL
[112]	P. Song, H. Qiu, L. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Kong, J. Gu, Sustain. Mater. Technol. 24 (2020) e00153.
[113]	Y. Shi, X. Gao, J. Qiu, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 3126-3132. DOI URL
[114]	H. Zhang, C. Shi, Z. Jia, X. Liu, B. Xu, D. Zhang, G. Wu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 584 (2021) 382-394. DOI URL
[115]	J. Che, L. Shen, Y. Xiao, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 1722. DOI URL
[116]	Y. Li, W. Wei, Y. Wang, N. Kadhim, Y. Mei, Z. Zhou, J. Mater. Chem. C 7 (2019) 11783-11789. DOI URL
[117]	J. Islam, G. Chilkoor, K. Jawaharraj, S.S. Dhiman, R. Sani, V. Gadhamshetty, Bioresour. Technol. 300 (2020) 122642. DOI URL
[118]	S. Sravya, D. RamaDevi, N. Belachew, K.E. Rao, K. Basavaiah, RSC Adv. 11 (2021) 12030-12035. DOI URL
[119]	R. Shu, C. Zhao, J. Zhang, W. Liu, X. Cao, Y. Li, S. Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 585 (2021) 538-548. DOI URL
[120]	X. Gao, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, X. Wu, W. Zhang, C. Luo, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 486 (2019) 165251. DOI URL
[121]	R. Shu, J. Zhang, C. Guo, Y. Wu, Z. Wan, J. Shi, Y. Liu, M. Zheng, Chem. Eng. J. 384 (2020) 123266. DOI URL
[122]	X. Wang, Y. Lu, T. Zhu, S. Chang, W. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 388 (2020) 124317. DOI URL
[123]	M. Zhang, Z. Jiang, H. Si, X. Zhang, C. Liu, C. Gong, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 (2020) 8639-8646. DOI URL
[124]	C. Journet, P. Bernier, Appl. Phys. A 67 (1998) 1-9. DOI URL
[125]	H. Liao, D. Li, C. Zhou, T. Liu, J. Alloy. Compd. 782 (2019) 556-565. DOI URL
[126]	Z.Y. Zhiwei Peng, Z.Z. Sun, J.M. Tour, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 8241-8247. DOI PMID
[127]	Y. Li, J. Wang, R. Liu, X. Zhao, X. Wang, X. Zhang, G. Qin, J. Alloys Compd. 724 (2017) 1023-1029. DOI URL
[128]	L. Tan, M. Zeng, T. Zhang, L. Fu, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 9105-9121. DOI URL
[129]	H. Wang, Y.Y. Dai, D.Y. Geng, S. Ma, D. Li, J. An, J. He, W. Liu, Z.D. Zhang, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 17312-17319. DOI PMID
[130]	X. Qu, Y. Zhou, X. Li, M. Javid, F. Huang, X. Zhang, X. Dong, Z. Zhang, Inorg. Chem. Front. 7 (2020) 1148-1160. DOI URL
[131]	S. Wang, Y. Zhao, H. Xue, J. Xie, C. Feng, H. Li, D. Shi, S. Muhammad, Q. Jiao, Mater. Lett. 223 (2018) 186-189. DOI URL
[132]	D. Guo, H. Yuan, X. Wang, C. Zhu, Y. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 9628-9636. DOI URL
[133]	A. P. Alegaonkar, A. S. Kibey, P.S. Alegaonkar, A. Kshirsagar, S.K. Pardeshi, Mater. Chem. Phys. 222 (2019) 132-138. DOI
[134]	O.V. Yazyev, L. Helm, Phys. Rev. B 75 (2007) 125408. DOI URL
[135]	R. Singh, P. Kroll, J. Phys. Condes. Matter 21 (2009) 196002. DOI URL
[136]	Z. Wang, S. Qin, C. Wang, Eur. Phys. J. B 87 (2014) 88. DOI URL
[137]	Y. Liu, N. Tang, X. Wan, Q. Feng, M. Li, Q. Xu, F. Liu, Y. Du, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 2566. DOI URL
[138]	L. Quan, F.X. Qin, D. Estevez, H. Wang, H.X. Peng, Carbon 125 (2017) 630-639. DOI URL
[139]	E.Z. Liu, M. Wu, J.Z. Jiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008) 082504. DOI URL
[140]	E.J. Fox, A.L. Sharpe, A.W. Barnard, J. Finney, K. Watanabe, M.A. Kastner, T. Taniguchi, D. Goldhaber-Gordon, Science 365 (2019) 605-608. DOI PMID
[141]	S.Y. Li, Y. Zhang, Y.N. Ren, J. Liu, X. Dai, L. He, Phys. Rev. B 102 (2020) 121406. DOI URL
[142]	M. Serlin, C.L. Tschirhart, H. Polshyn, A. Shragai, Z. Xia, J. Zhu, K. Watanabe, Y. Zhang, T. Taniguchi, M.E. Huber, A.F. Young, Science 372 (2021) 1323-1327. DOI URL
[143]	C.L. Tschirhart, M. Serlin, H. Polshyn, Y. Zhang, J. Zhu, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, A.F.Y.L. Balents, Science 367 (2020) 900-903. DOI PMID
[144]	Y.H. Zhang, D. Mao, T. Senthil, Phys. Rev. Res. 1 (2019) 033126. DOI URL
[145]	N. Bultinck, S. Chatterjee, M.P. Zaletel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020) 166601. DOI URL
[146]	J.H. Pixley, E.Y. Andrei, Science 365 (2019) 543-543. DOI
[147]	Y. Li, F. Meng, Y. Mei, H. Wang, Y. Guo, Y. Wang, F. Peng, F. Huang, Z. Zhou, Chem. Eng. J. 391 (2020) 123512. DOI URL
[148]	P. Li, Y. Liu, S. Shi, Z. Xu, W. Ma, Z. Wang, S. Liu, C. Gao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2020) 2006584. DOI URL
[149]	Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, Y. Ding, L. Zhang, G. Yu, Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) e2005763.
[150]	Y. Zhang, K. Ruan, X. Shi, H. Qiu, Y. Pan, Y. Yan, J. Gu, Carbon 175 (2021) 271-280. DOI URL
[151]	H. Lv, Y. Li, Z. Jia, L. Wang, X. Guo, B. Zhao, R. Zhang, Compos. Part B Eng. 196 (2020) 108122. DOI URL
[152]	P. Song, B. Liu, C. Liang, K. Ruan, H. Qiu, Z. Ma, Y. Guo, J. Gu, Nano Micro Lett. 13 (2021) 91. DOI URL
[153]	J. Ma, W. Li, Y. Fan, J. Yang, Q. Yang, J. Wang, W. Luo, W. Zhou, N. Nomura, L. Wang, W. Jiang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 46386-46396. DOI URL
[154]	T. Li, D. Zhi, Y. Chen, B. Li, Z. Zhou, F. Meng, Nano Res. 13 (2020) 477-484. DOI URL
[155]	C. Wang, X. Chen, B. Wang, M. Huang, B. Wang, Y. Jiang, R.S. Ruoff, ACS Nano 12 (2018) 5816-5825. DOI URL
[156]	D.W. Xu, S. Yang, P. Chen, Q. Yu, X.H. Xiong, J. Wang, J. Alloy. Compd. 782 (2019) 600-610. DOI URL
[157]	J. Li, S. Bi, B. Mei, F. Shi, W. Cheng, X. Su, G. Hou, J. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 717 (2017) 205-213. DOI URL
[158]	Y.F. Xu, J.J. Liang, D. Sui, L. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y.F. Ma, F.F. Li, Y.S. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 17465-17471. DOI URL
[159]	Y. Wang, Y. Mei, F. Huang, X. Yang, Y. Li, J. Li, F. Meng, Z. Zhou, Carbon 147 (2019) 490-500. DOI URL
[160]	X. Yang, S. Fan, Y. Li, Y. Guo, Y. Li, K. Ruan, S. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Kong, J. Gu, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 128 (2020) 105670. DOI URL
[161]	F. Wang, P. Xu, N. Shi, L. Cui, Y. Wang, D. Liu, H. Zhao, X. Han, Y. Du, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 93 (2021) 7-16. DOI URL
[162]	J. Luo, Y. Hu, L. Xiao, G. Zhang, H. Guo, G. Hao, W. Jiang, Nanotechnology 31 (2019) 085708. DOI URL
[163]	X. Zhang, Y. Li, R. Liu, Y. Rao, H. Rong, G. Qin, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 3494-3498. DOI URL
[164]	M. Qiao, J. Li, D. Wei, X. He, X. Lei, J. Wei, Q. Zhang, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 314 (2021) 110867. DOI URL
[165]	W. You, K. Pei, L. Yang, X. Li, X. Shi, X. Yu, H. Guo, R. Che, Nano Res. 13 (2019) 72-78. DOI URL
[166]	E. Cui, F. Pan, Z. Xiang, Z. Liu, L. Yu, J. Xiong, X. Li, W. Lu, Adv. Eng. Mater. 23 (2020) 2000827.