3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated phase change material: KAl(SO4)2•12H2O-C2H2O4•2H2O-CO(NH2)2 eutectic/polyurethane foam as core and carbon modified silicone resin as shell

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Micro-encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) have been confirmed a high-efficiency way to store latent heat, but their poor mechanical properties, expensive and complicated synthesis block their industrial application. Herein, borrowing from this structure and magnifying it, we prepared a novel 3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated PCMs. The KAl(SO₄)₂•12H₂O-C₂H₂O₄•2H₂O-CO(NH₂)₂ (APSD-OAD-Urea) was configured as PCM to composite with light-weight porous polyurethane foam (PUF) framework, and the enthalpy reduction of PCM@PUF (core) was only 1.70%. Subsequent, carbon modified silicone resin (CMS, shell) was introduced to macro-encapsulate PCM@PUF. The results showed that with the optimized mass ratio of 75%APSD-25%OAD and extra addition of 10% Urea, the obtained PCM had a relatively high enthalpy (194.6 J/g), appropriate phase transition temperature (42.17°C) and suppressed supercooling (0.504°C). CMS thin-layer with 2.0 mm thickness increased resistance to deformation, impressions, scratches, and possessed a brilliant sealing effect on PCM@PUF to achieve leak-free and operation steady of PCM. PCM@PUF@CMS with low thermal conductivity from inside out displayed an outstanding thermal insulation performance. Moreover, the fluctuation of the thermodynamic property after 150 thermal cycles is relatively small. All these above enable the application of PCM@PUF@CMS in the thermal energy storage system and provide a novel strategy for the preparation of macro-encapsulated PCMs.

Key words: Eutectic, Temperature-regulated, Foam porous framework, Macro-encapsulated PCM, Thermal energy storage

Weicheng Chen, Xianghui Liang, Wanhui Han, Shuangfeng Wang, Xuenong Gao, Zhengguo Zhang, Yutang Fang. 3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated phase change material: KAl(SO₄)₂•12H₂O-C₂H₂O₄•2H₂O-CO(NH₂)₂ eutectic/polyurethane foam as core and carbon modified silicone resin as shell[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 100: 27-35.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. Production flow schematic diagram of PCM@PUF@CMS (a); photographs of PUF (b), PCM@PUF (c) and PCM@PUF@CMS (d); schematic diagram of step cooling experiment set-up (e).

Table 1 Uncertainty analysis of the experimental parameters.

Parameter	Evaluation method	Uncertainty
Geometry dimension	Type A	±0.064 mm
Mass measured by electronic balance	Type B	±0.058 mg
Thermal conductivity measured by Hot Disk TPS2500	Type B	±1.7%
Thermal properties measured by DSC Q20	Type B	±0.58%
Temperature measured by thermocouple	Type B	±0.058°C

Fig. 2. DSC curves of binary eutectics at different mass proportions of OAD (a); DSC curves of 75%APSD-25% OAD-Urea eutectics PCM with different contents of Urea (b); Step-cooling curves of APSD-OAD binary eutectic and APSD-OAD-Urea eutectic PCM (c); XRD patterns of APSD, OAD, Urea, and APSD-OAD-Urea eutectic PCM (d).

Table 2 Some organic-inorganic PCMs and their melting enthalpies (ΔH), phase change temperatures (Tm).

Organic-inorganic PCM	ΔH (J/g)	T_m (°C)	Refs.
Urea-NaNO₃	172.0	85.0	[33]
Urea-NH₄Br	142.3	82.4	[34]
CH3COONa•3H₂O-KCl-Urea	222.7	47.6	[35]
KAl(SO₄)₂•12H₂O-C₂H₂O₄•2H₂O	232.6	49.7	This manuscript

Fig. 3. FE-SEM images of PUF (a, b) and eutectic PCM@PUF (c, d) at different magnifications: 50× (a); 200× (b); 100× (c) and 150× (d); one selected area of PCM@PUF and its corresponding elemental mapping (e); DSC curve of PCM@PUF (f).

Table 3 Compressive strength (δM), compressive stress at 50% strain (δx), elongation at break (Eb), tensile stress at 100% elongation (Se), Shore A hardness (HA) of cured silicone resin thin-layer and CMS thin-layer.

Property	δ_M (MPa)	δ_x (MPa)	E_b (%)	S_e (MPa)	HA (HA)
silicone thin-layer	1.492	1.520	295.46	0.60	22.8
CMS thin-layer	2.217	1.652	211.22	0.72	27.9

Fig. 4. Photographs of PCM@PUF and PCM@PUF@CMS with different thicknesses of CMS thin-layers in leakage test (a); residual weight curves of PCM@PUF with and without CMS thin-layer under 55°C (b); DSC curves of PCM@PUF with (c) and without (d) CMS thin-layer under 55°C.

Fig. 5. DSC curve of PCM@PUF in PCM@PUF@CMS (a); XRD patterns of PCM@PUF in PCM@PUF@CMS (b); thermal conductivities of solid PCM, PCM@PUF, silicone resin thin-layer, CMS thin-layer and PCM@PUF@CMS (c); step-cooling curves of PCM@PUF@CMS before and after 150 cycles (d); melting enthalpies and melting points of PCM@PUF@CMS before and after 150 cycles (e).

Table 4 Thermal properties of PCM@PUF@CMS before and after 150 cycles.

Thermal property	Before		After
Thermal property	Upper	Lower	Upper	Lower
Supercooling degree (°C)	0.213		0.458
Melting enthalpy (J/g)	192.0	191.8	197.9	204.0
Phase-change temperature (°C)	43.95	44.07	42.12	41.64

References 35

[1]	J. Lee, S. Wi, S. Yang, S. Kim, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 155 (2020) 106410. DOI URL
[2]	W.C. Sun, Y.X. Zhang, Z.Y. Ling, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Energy Build. 211 (2020) 109806. DOI URL
[3]	L. Zhang, B.W. Cao, Appl. Sci.-Basel 8 (2018) 491.
[4]	X. Min, B. Sun, S. Chen, M. Fang, X. Wu, Y.G. Liu, A. Abdelkader, Z. Huang, T. Liu, K. Xi, R.V. Kumar, Energy Stor. Mater. 16 (2019) 597-606.
[5]	X. Min, J. Xiao, M. Fang, W. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, A.M. Abdelkader, K. Xi, R.V. Kumar, Z. Huang, Energy Environ. Sci. 14 (2021) 2186-2243. DOI URL
[6]	Y.T. Fang, J.M. Su, W.W. Fu, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Appl. Therm. Eng. 167 (2020) 114820. DOI URL
[7]	N. Zhang, Y.P. Yuan, X.L. Cao, Y.X. Du, Z.L. Zhang, Y.W. Gui, Adv. Eng. Mater. 20 (2018) 1700753. DOI URL
[8]	W.C. Chen, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, Y.F. Ding, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Chem. Eng. J. 413 (2021) 127549. DOI URL
[9]	K. Pielichowska, K. Pielichowski, Prog. Mater. Sci. 65 (2014) 67-123. DOI URL
[10]	S. Ushak, M. Vega, J.A. Lovera-Copa, S. Pablo, M. Lujan, M. Grageda, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 209 (2020) 110475. DOI URL
[11]	R.K. Sharma, P. Ganesan, V.V. Tyagi, H.S.C. Metselaar, S.C. Sandaran, Energy Convers. Manage. 95 (2015) 193-228. DOI URL
[12]	J. Wang, W. Han, C. Ge, H. Guan, H. Yang, X. Zhang, Renewable Energy 136 (2019) 657-663. DOI
[13]	S. Xie, J. Sun, Z. Wang, S. Liu, L. Han, G. Ma, Y. Jing, Y. Jia, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 168 (2017) 38-44. DOI URL
[14]	W. Sun, Y. Zhou, J. Feng, X. Fang, Z. Ling, Z. Zhang, Molecules 24 (2019) 363. DOI URL
[15]	H. Nazir, M. Batool, F.J. Bolivar Osorio, M. Isaza-Ruiz, X. Xu, K. Vignarooban, P. Phelan, A.M.Kannan Inamuddin, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 129 (2019) 491-523. DOI URL
[16]	L. Yang, Y.P. Yuan, N. Zhang, Y.F. Dong, Y.F. Sun, W.H. Ji, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 8555-8566. DOI URL
[17]	W.W. Fu, T. Zou, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Appl. Therm. Eng. 162 (2019) 114253. DOI URL
[18]	C. Zhang, Z.Y. Zhang, R.D. Ye, X.N. Gao, Z.Y. Ling, Materials 11 (2018) 2369. DOI URL
[19]	Y. Zhao, X. Min, Z. Huang, Y.G. Liu, X. Wu, M. Fang, Energy Build. 158 (2018) 1049-1062. DOI URL
[20]	Y. Zhao, X. Min, Z. Ding, S. Chen, C. Ai, Z. Liu, T. Yang, X. Wu, Y. Liu, S. Lin, Z. Huang, P. Gao, H. Wu, M. Fang, Adv. Sci. 7 (2020) 1902051. DOI URL
[21]	A. Sagara, T. Nomura, M. Tsubota, N. Okinaka, T. Akiyama, Mater. Chem. Phys. 146 (2014) 253-260. DOI URL
[22]	X.Q. Peng, S.Q. Mo, R.N. Li, J. Li, C. Tian, W.Z. Liu, Y.J. Wang, Environ. Chem. Lett. 19 (2021) 719-728. DOI URL
[23]	S. Zhou, G. Hao, X. Zhou, W. Jiang, T. Wang, N. Zhang, L. Yu, Chem. Eng. J. 302 (2016) 155-162. DOI URL
[24]	T.H. Wang, T.F. Yang, C.H. Kao, W.M. Yan, M. Ghalambaz, Adv. Powder Technol. 31 (2020) 2421-2429. DOI URL
[25]	M.S. Ghoghaei, A. Mahmoudian, O. Mohammadi, M.B. Shaﬁi, H.J. Mosleh, M. Zandieh, M.H. Ahmadi, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 145 (2021) 245-268. DOI URL
[26]	L.Z. Guo, X.X. Yang, F.H. Dong, Y.H. Qian, J.W. Guo, X.Y. Lin, H. Shaghaleh, W.Q. Liu, X. Xu, S.F. Wang, S.W. Liu, Mater. Chem. Phys. 247 (2020) 122868. DOI URL
[27]	P. Song, J. Song, Y. Zhang, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 191 (2020) 107979. DOI URL
[28]	M.T. Nazir, B.T. Phung, G.H. Yeoh, G. Yasin, S. Akram, M.S. Bhutta, M.A. Mehmood, S. Hussain, S. Yu, I. Kabir, Bull. Mater. Sci. 43 (2020) 220. DOI URL
[29]	N.K. Sonnahalli, R. Chowdhary, J. Prosthodont. Res. 64 (2020) 431-435. DOI PMID
[30]	P. Song, J.N. Song, Y. Zhang, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 191 (2020) 107979. DOI URL
[31]	W.C. Chen, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Chem. Eng. J. 410 (2021) 128308. DOI URL
[32]	X. Li, Y. Zhou, H. Nian, F. Zhu, X. Ren, O. Dong, C. Hai, Y. Shen, J. Zeng, Appl. Therm. Eng. 102 (2016) 708-715. DOI URL
[33]	G. Diarce, E. Corro-Martínez, L. Quant, Á. Campos-Celador, A. García-Romero, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 157 (2016) 1065-1075. DOI URL
[34]	B. Liu, X. Zhang, J. Ji, W. Hua, F. Mao, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 3626-3639. DOI URL
[35]	X. Jin, Q. Xiao, T. Xu, G. Huang, H. Wu, D. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, A.C.K. Lai, Energy Build 231 (2021) 110615. DOI URL

3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated phase change material: KAl(SO₄)₂•12H₂O-C₂H₂O₄•2H₂O-CO(NH₂)₂ eutectic/polyurethane foam as core and carbon modified silicone resin as shell

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 35

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Renquan Wang, Tingchuan Zhou, Zhiyong Zhong. Low-temperature processing of LiZn-based ferrite ceramics by co-doping of V₂O₅ and Sb₂O₃: Composition, microstructure and magnetic properties [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 99(0): 1-8.
[2]	Yin Du, Xuhui Pei, Zhaowu Tang, Fan Zhang, Qing Zhou, Haifeng Wang, Weimin Liu. Mechanical and tribological performance of CoCrNiHf_x eutectic medium-entropy alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 90(0): 194-204.
[3]	Haijun Su, Yuan Liu, Qun Ren, Zhonglin Shen, Haifang Liu, Di Zhao, Guangrao Fan, Min Guo, Jun Zhang, Lin Liu, Hengzhi Fu. Distribution control and formation mechanism of gas inclusions in directionally solidified Al₂O₃-Er₃Al₅O₁₂-ZrO₂ ternary eutectic ceramic by laser floating zone melting [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 66(0): 21-27.
[4]	Hui Jiang, Dongxu Qiao, Wenna Jiao, Kaiming Han, Yiping Lu, Peter K. Liaw. Tensile deformation behavior and mechanical properties of a bulk cast Al_0.9CoFeNi₂ eutectic high-entropy alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 61(0): 119-124.
[5]	Qin Xu, Dezhi Chen, Chongyang Tan, Xiaoqin Bi, Qi Wang, Hongzhi Cui, Shuyan Zhang, Ruirun Chen. NbMoTiVSi_x refractory high entropy alloys strengthened by forming BCC phase and silicide eutectic structure [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 60(0): 1-7.
[6]	Peijian Shi, Yi Li, Yuebo Wen, Yiqi Li, Yan Wang, Weili Ren, Tianxiang Zheng, Yifeng Guo, Long Hou, Zhe Shen, Ying Jiang, Jianchao Peng, Pengfei Hu, Ningning Liang, Qingdong Liu, Peter K. Liaw, Yunbo Zhong. A precipitate-free AlCoFeNi eutectic high-entropy alloy with strong strain hardening [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 89(0): 88-96.
[7]	Qinqin Wei, Guoqiang Luo, Rong Tu, Jian Zhang, Qiang Shen, Yujie Cui, Yunwei Gui, Akihiko Chiba. High-temperature ultra-strength of dual-phase Re_0.5MoNbW(TaC)_0.5 high-entropy alloy matrix composite [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 84(0): 1-9.
[8]	Haifang Liu, Haijun Su, Zhonglin Shen, Di Zhao, Yuan Liu, Yinuo Guo, Min Guo, Jun Zhang, Lin Liu, Hengzhi Fu. Preparation of large-size Al₂O₃/GdAlO₃/ZrO₂ ternary eutectic ceramic rod by laser directed energy deposition and its microstructure homogenization mechanism [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 85(0): 218-223.
[9]	Yujie Chen, Xianghai An, Sam Zhang, Feng Fang, Wenyi Huo, Paul Munroe, Zonghan Xie. Mechanical size effect of eutectic high entropy alloy: Effect of lamellar orientation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 82(0): 10-20.
[10]	Xiaolong Li, Xinxin Sheng, Yongqiang Guo, Xiang Lu, Hao Wu, Ying Chen, Li Zhang, Junwei Gu. Multifunctional HDPE/CNTs/PW composite phase change materials with excellent thermal and electrical conductivities [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 86(0): 171-179.
[11]	Chunjuan Cui, Cong Wang, Pei Wang, Wei Liu, Yuanyuan Lai, Li Deng, Haijun Su. Microstructure and fracture toughness of the Bridgman directionally solidified Fe-Al-Ta eutectic at different solidification rates [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 42(0): 63-74.
[12]	Min Jung Kim, Gyeol Chan Kang, Sung Hwan Hong, Hae Jin Park, Sang Chul Mun, Gian Song, Ki Buem Kim. Understanding microstructure and mechanical properties of (AlTa_0.76)_xCoCrFeNi_2.1 eutectic high entropy alloys via thermo-physical parameters [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 57(0): 131-137.
[13]	X.Y. Jiao, C.F. Liu, Z.P. Guo, G.D. Tong, S.L. Ma, Y. Bi, Y.F. Zhang, S.M. Xiong. The characterization of Fe-rich phases in a high-pressure die cast hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 51(0): 54-62.
[14]	Yu Yin, Damon Kent, Qiyang Tan, Michael Bermingham, Ming-Xing Zhang. Spheroidization behaviour of a Fe-enriched eutectic high-entropy alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 51(0): 173-179.
[15]	Liting Guo, Changdong Gu, Jie Feng, Yongbin Guo, Yuan Jin, Jiangping Tu. Hydrophobic epoxy resin coating with ionic liquid conversion pretreatment on magnesium alloy for promoting corrosion resistance [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 37(0): 9-18.