Fluid-induced corrosion behavior of degradable zinc for stent application

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.050

Abstract

Abstract:

The influence of laminar flow on the corrosion of pure zinc (Zn) and cell response was investigated and compared with the static measurements. The results revealed that laminar flow accelerated the corrosion and enhanced the localized corrosion of pure Zn. The dynamic corrosion rate was 0.184 mm/yr after 168 h corrosion. More corrosion products were formed under flow condition, which were mainly composed of Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O, Ca3(PO4)2, ZnO and Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2. Moreover, the adhered rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) on Zn samples exhibited notably cell loss and round configuration under laminar flow.

Key words: Zinc, Laminar flow, Dynamic degradation, Endothelial cells, Biocompatibility

Kai Chen, Xuenan Gu, Hui Sun, Hongyan Tang, Hongtao Yang, Xianghui Gong, Yubo Fan. Fluid-induced corrosion behavior of degradable zinc for stent application[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 91: 134-147.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the dynamic corrosion test devices, (a) an overview of the dynamic corrosion test devices, (b) the macro photograph of the flow chamber, (c) components of the flow chamber. The pure Zn sample (Φ10 × 1 mm after mechanical polishing, denoted by green color) was fixed in a PVC panel (denoted by blue color) with a silicone loop (Φ10 × 1 mm, denoted by yellow color). Samples together with the PVC panel were embedded in parallel plate flow chamber (denoted by gray color).

Fig. 2. Corrosion surface morphologies of pure Zn after immerison in static or laminar Hank' solution for 24, 72, 120 and 168 h (the second and fourth line indicates the higher magnification of SEM pictures).

Fig. 3. EDS results of pure Zn immersed in (a) static and (b) dynamic Hank' solution for 168 h, Points 1-4 in Fig. 2(a) correspond to the EDS results in Fig. 3(a); Points 5-8 in Fig. 2(a) correspond to the EDS results in Fig. 3(b).

Fig. 4. The cross- sectional morphology and the line-scan element distribution of the sample after 168 h dynamic corrosion.

Fig. 5. SEM photographs of corrded surface morphology after removing corrosion products. Red arrows indicate the corrosion pits.

Fig. 6. XRD patterns of pure Zn immsered in (a) static and (b) dynamic state Hank' solution for 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, and (c) the comparison between XRD patterns at 168 h.

Fig. 7. FTIR patterns of pure Zn immsered in (a) static and (b) dynamic state Hank' solution for 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, and (c) the comparison between FTIR patterns at 168 h.

Fig. 8. (a) Total XPS spectras of pure Zn immersed in static Hank' solution for 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, and high resolution XPS spectras of Zn 2p3/2, Ca 2p and P 2p at (b) 24 h, (c) 72 h, (d) 120 h and (e) 168 h, respectively.

Fig. 9. The varation trend of (a) pH value and (b) the Zn2+ concentration of pure Zn immersed in static and dynamic Hank' solution for 168 h. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.

Fig. 10. (a) Weight loss change and (b) the corrosion rate (derived from weight loss) of pure Zn immersed in static and dynamic solution for 168 h. *P < 0.05.

Fig. 11. Open circuit potential of pure Zn immersed in static and flowing Hank' solution for 168 h.

Fig. 12. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves of pure Zn immersed in (a) static and (b) dynamic state Hank' solution, (c) the PDP curves at 72 h and (d) the corrosion rate of pure Zn soaked in static and dynamic state solution.

Table 1 Obtained polarization data of pure Zn immersed in static and dynamic Hank' solution.

Flow state	Immersion time (h)	E_corr (V)	I_corr (A/cm²)	Corrosion rate (mm/yr)	β_c (V/dec)
Original	0	-1.059	5.034E-06	0.075	0.124
Static	24	-1.031	2.951E-06	0.044	0.122
	72	-1.001	1.761E-06	0.026	0.120
	120	-1.022	2.237E-06	0.035	0.118
	168	-1.029	2.675E-06	0.040	0.120
Dynamic	24	-1.011	2.792E-06	0.042	0.127
	72	-1.019	9.080E-07	0.013	0.104
	120	-1.045	1.666E-06	0.025	0.124
	168	-1.015	2.421E-06	0.036	0.122

Fig. 13. (a, b) Nyquist plots and corresponding electrical equivalent circuit diagrams (EEC), (c, d) Bode plots of |Z| and phase angle vs. frequency of pure Zn immersed in (a) static and (b) dynamic state Hank' solution: (a, c) static solution and (b, d) dynamic solution, (e) Nyquist plots of pure Zn at 72 h and (f) the value change of Rt. *P < 0.05.

Table 2 Equivalent electrical circuit parameters of pure Zn immersed in static or dynamic Hank' solution.

Flow state	Time (h)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Q_dl (Ω^-1 cm^-2 sⁿ)	n_ct	R_ct (Ω cm²)	Q_p (Ω^-1 cm^-2 sⁿ)	n_dl	R_p (Ω cm²)	W (Ω^-1 cm^-2 s^0.5)
Original	0	35.9	1.65E-5	0.76	714.7				1.37E-2
Static	24	34.2	1.41E-6	0.87	1298.0	3.27E-6	0.95	283.2
	72	46.5	1.64E-6	0.80	1421.3	1.09E-6	0.99	726.1
	120	38.5	1.17E-5	0.71	758.5	7.59E-6	0.82	1005.1
	168	31.7	2.52E-6	0.86	915.3	1.68E-6	0.95	1042.1
Dynamic	24	28.8	5.30E-6	0.75	229.5	6.29E-6	0.71	1402.0
	72	30.6	3.22E-6	0.86	440.9	8.86E-6	0.58	3526.1
	120	32.6	3.40E-6	0.82	607.4	1.28E-6	0.96	1343.3
	168	38.2	4.18E-6	0.78	1283.5	5.48E-5	0.61	732.8

Fig. 14. Fluorescencent and SEM images of RAECs cultured under different conditions: (a, b) RAECs cultured under static condition for 24 h, (c, d) RAECs cultured under flow exposure condition for 24 h and (d) quantitative analysis of the live/dead cells. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.

Fig. 15. Schematic diagrams illustrating the corrosion process and the cellular response of pure Zn under static immerison and laminar flow corrosion.

References 78

[1]	Y.F. Zheng, X.N. Gu, F. Witte, Mater. Sci. Eng. R. 77(2014) 1-34.
[2]	J.L. Wang, J.K. Xu, C. Hopkins, D.H.-K. Chow, L. Qin, Adv. Sci. 7(8) (2020) 1902443.
[3]	J. Venezuela, M.S. Dargusch, Acta Biomater. 87(2019) 1-40.
[4]	D. Hernández-Escobar, S. Champagne, H. Yilmazer, B. Dikici, C.J. Boehlert, H. Hermawan, Acta Biomater. 97(2019) 1-22.
[5]	Y. Liu, Y. Zheng, X.H. Chen, J.A. Yang, H. Pan, D. Chen, L. Wang, J. Zhang, D. Zhu, S. Wu, K.W.K. Yeung, R.C. Zeng, Y. Han, S. Guan , Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(2019) 1805402.
[6]	S. Lin, Q. Wang, X. Yan, X. Ran, L. Wang, J.G. Zhou, T. Hu, G. Wang, Mater. Lett. 234(2019) 294-297.
[7]	J. Cheng, B. Liu, Y.H. Wu, Y.F. Zheng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 29 (7) (2013) 619-627.
[8]	H.F. Li, Z.Z. Shi, L.N. Wang. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 46(2020) 136-138.
[9]	M. W ˛atroba, W. Bednarczyk, J. Kawałko, K. Mech, M. Marciszko, G. Boelter, M. Banzhaf, P. Bała, Mater. Des. 183(2019) 108154.
[10]	Y.X. Yin, C. Zhou, Y.P. Shi, Z.Z. Shi, T.H. Lu, Y. Hao, C.H. Liu, X. Wang, H.J. Zhang, L.N. Wang, Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater.Biol. Appl. 104(2019) 109896.
[11]	E. Mostaed, M. Sikora-Jasinska, J.W. Drelich, M. Vedani, Acta Biomater. 71(2018) 1-23.
[12]	P.K. Bowen, J. Drelich, J. Goldman, Adv. Mater. 25 (18) (2013) 2577-2582.
[13]	A.J. Drelich, S. Zhao, R.J. Guillory, J.W. Drelich, J. Goldman, Acta Biomater. 58(2017) 539-549.
[14]	J. Gonzalez, R.Q. Hou, E.P.S. Nidadavolu, R. Willumeit-Römer, F. Feyerabend, Bioact. Mater. 3(2) (2018) 174-185.
[15]	K. Törne, A. Ornberg, J. Weissenrieder, Acta Biomater. 48(2017) 541-550.
[16]	L. Liu, Y. Meng, A.A. Volinsky, H.J. Zhang, L.N. Wang, Corros. Sci. 153(2019) 341-356.
[17]	X. Liu, H. Yang, P. Xiong, W.T. Li, H.H. Huang, Y.F. Zheng, Corros. Sci. 157(2019) 205-219.
[18]	C. Xiao, L. Wang, Y. Ren, S. Sun, E. Zhang, C. Yan, Q. Liu, X. Sun, F. Shou, J. Duan, H. Wang, G. Qin, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (9)(2018) 1618-1627.
[19]	B. Jia, H. Yang, Y. Han, Z. Zhang, X. Qu, Y. Zhuang, Q. Wu, Y. Zheng, K. Dai, Acta Biomater. 108(2020) 358-372.
[20]	M. Esmaily, J.E. Svensson, S. Fajardo, N. Birbilis, G.S. Frankel, S. Virtanen, R. Arrabal, S. Thomas, L.G. Johansson, Prog. Mater. Sci. 89(2017) 92-193.
[21]	L. Chen, J. Li, S. Wang, S. Zhu, C. Zhu, B. Zheng, G. Yang, S. Guan, J. Mater. Res. 33(23) (2018) 4123-4133.
[22]	F. Robotti, D. Franco, L. Bänninger, J. Wyler, C.T. Starck, V. Falk, D. Poulikakos, A. Ferrari, Biomaterials 35(30) (2014) 8479-8486.
[23]	J. Wang, Y. Jang, G. Wan, V. Giridharan, G.L. Song, Z. Xu, Y. Koo, P. Qi, J. Sankar, N. Huang, Y. Yun, Corros. Sci. 104(2016) 277-289.
[24]	D. Liu, S. Hu, X. Yin, J. Liu, Z. Jia, Q. Li, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 84 (2018) 263-270.
[25]	J. Wang, V. Giridharan, V. Shanov, Z. Xu, B. Collins, L. White, Y. Jang, J. Sankar, N. Huang, Y. Yun, Acta Biomater. 10(2014) 5213-5223.
[26]	Y. Chen, S. Zhang, J. Li, Y. Song, C. Zhao, X. Zhang, Mater. Lett. 64(18) (2010) 1996-1999.
[27]	N. Li, C. Guo, Y.H. Wu, Y.F. Zheng, L.Q. Ruan, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 47 (5) (2012) 346-351.
[28]	J. Levesque, H. Hermawan, D. Dube, D. Mantovani, Acta Biomater. 4(2) (2008) 284-295.
[29]	X.N. Gu, Y. Lu, F. Wang, W. Lin, P. Li, Y. Fan, Bioact. Mater. 3(4) (2018) 448-454.
[30]	C. Zhou, H.F. Li, Y.X. Yin, Z.Z. Shi, T. Li, X.Y. Feng, J.W. Zhang, C.X. Song, X.S. Cui, K.L. Xu, Y.W. Zhao, W.B. Hou, S.T. Lu, G. Liu, M.Q. Li, J.Y. Ma, E. Toft, A.A. Volin- sky, M. Wan, X.J. Yao, C.B. Wang, K. Yao, S.K. Xu, H. Lu, S.F. Chang, J.B. Ge, L.N. Wang, H.J. Zhang, Acta Biomater. 97(2019) 657-670.
[31]	P.K. Bowen, R.J. Guillory, E.R. Shearier, J.M. Seitz, J. Drelich, M. Bocks, F. Zhao, J. Goldman, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 56(2015) 467-472.
[32]	Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
[33]	ASTM-G1-03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
[34]	X. Gong, H. Liu, X. Ding, M. Liu, X. Li, L. Zheng, X. Jia, G. Zhou, Y. Zou, J. Li, X. Huang, Y. Fan, Biomaterials 35 (2014) 4782-4791.
[35]	P.A. Doriot, P.A. Dorsaz, L. Dorsaz, E. De Benedetti, P. Chatelain, P. Delafontaine, Coronary. Artery. Dis. 11(6)(2000) 495-502.
[36]	Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2010.
[37]	X. Gong, Z. Liang, Y. Yang, H. Liu, J. Ji, Y. Fan. Regener. Biomater.(2020) 1-11.
[38]	L. Liu, Y. Meng, C. Dong, Y. Yan, A.A. Volinsky, L.N. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34(2018) 2271-2282.
[39]	R.C. Zeng, X.T. Li, L.J. Liu, S.Q. Li, F. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32 (2016) 437-444.
[40]	J. Winiarski, W. Tylus, A. Lutz, I. De Graeve, B. Szczygieł, Corros. Sci. 138(2018) 130-141.
[41]	M. Bitenc, M. Marinšek, Z. Crnjak Orel. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28(2008) 2915-2921.
[42]	A. Ali, F. Iqbal, A. Ahmad, F. Ikram, A. Nawaz, A.A. Chaudhry, S.A. Siddiqi, I. Rehman, Surf. Coat. Technol. 357(2019) 716-727.
[43]	A. Anwar, S. Akbar, A. Sadiqa, M. Kazmi, Inorg. Chim. Acta 453 (2016) 16-22.
[44]	A. ´Slósarczyk, Z. Paszkiewicz, C. Paluszkiewicz. J. Mol. Struct. 744-747(2005) 657-661.
[45]	G.F. Mohsin, F.-.J. Schmitt, C. Kanzler, J.Dirk D. Epping, S. Flemig, A. Horne-mann, Food Chem. 245(2018) 761-767.
[46]	E.C. Onyiriuka, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 163 (3) (1993) 268-273.
[47]	S.Z. Khalajabadi, M.R. Abdul Kadir, S. Izman, M. Marvibaigi, J. Alloys. Compd. 655(2016) 266-280.
[48]	A.P. Md Saad, R.A. Abdul Rahim, M.N. Harun, H. Basri, J. Abdullah, M.R. Abdul Kadir, A. Syahrom , Mater. Des. 122(2017) 268-279.
[49]	B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Vakili, R. Amini, Appl. Surf. Sci. 327(2015) 174-181.
[50]	G. Ballerini, K. Ogle, M.G. Barthés-Labrousse, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (16) (2007) 6860-6 867.
[51]	L.S. Dake, D.R. Baer, J.M. Zachara, Surf. Interface Anal. 14 (1-2) (1989) 71-75.
[52]	X. Liu, Y. Cheng, Z. Guan, Y. Zheng, Corros. Sci. 170(2020) 108661.
[53]	X. Liu, H. Yang, Y. Liu, P. Xiong, H. Guo, H.-.H. Huang, Y. Zheng, JOM 71 (4) (2019) 1414-1425.
[54]	X. Liu, J. Sun, Y. Yang, Z. Pu, Y. Zheng, Mater. Lett. 161(2015) 53-56.
[55]	R.C. Zeng, Y. Hu, S.K. Guan, H.Z. Cui, E.H. Han, Corros. Sci. 86(2014) 171-182.
[56]	J.W. Dai, X.B. Zhang, Y. Fei, Z.Z. Wang, H.M. Sui. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 31(8) (2018) 865-872.
[57]	W. Yan, Y.-.J. Lian, Z.-.Y. Zhang, M.-.Q. Zeng, Z.-.Q. Zhang, Z.-.Z. Yin, L.-.Y. Cui, R.-.C. Zeng, Bioact. Mater. 5(2) (2020) 318-333.
[58]	Y. Chen, W. Zhang, M.F. Maitz, M. Chen, H. Zhang, J. Mao, Y. Zhao, N. Huang, G. Wan, Corros. Sci. 111(2016) 541-555.
[59]	H. Liu, X. Gong, X. Jing, X. Ding, Y. Yao, Y. Huang, Y. Fan, J. Tissue Eng. Regen Med. 11(2017) 2965-2978.
[60]	S.K. Yazdani, B.W. Tillman, J.L. Berry, S. Soker, R.L. Geary, J. Vasc. Surg. 51 (1) (2010) 174-183.
[61]	H. Yang, C. Wang, C. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Wu, J. Han, Z. Jia, W. Lin, D. Zhang, W. Li, W. Yuan, H. Guo, H. Li, G. Yang, D. Kong, D. Zhu, K. Takashima, L. Ruan, J. Nie, X. Li, Y. Zheng, Biomaterials 145(2017) 92-105.
[62]	P.K. Bowen, E.R. Shearier, S. Zhao, R.J. Guillory, F. Zhao, J. Goldman, J.W. Drelich, Adv. Healthc. Mater. 5(10) (2016) 1121-1140.
[63]	Y. Su, I. Cockerill, Y. Wang, Y.X. Qin, L. Chang, Y. Zheng, D. Zhu, Trends. Biotech- nol. 37 (4) (2019) 428-441.
[64]	D. Zhu, I. Cockerill, Y. Su, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, K.W. Lee, J. Ma, C. Okpokwasili, L. Tang, Y. Zheng, Y.X. Qin, Y. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 6 809-6 819.
[65]	Y. Li, P. Pavanram, J. Zhou, K. Lietaert, P. Taheri, W. Li, H. San, M.A. Leeflang, J.M.C. Mol, H. Jahr, A.A. Zadpoor, Acta Biomater. 101(2020) 609-623.
[66]	L.Y. Xu, Y.F. Cheng, Corros. Sci. 51 (10) (2009) 2330-2335.
[67]	J. Gonzalez, R.Q. Hou, E.P.S. Nidadavolu, R. Willumeit-Romer, F. Feyerabend, Bioact Mater. 3 (2) (2018) 174-185.
[68]	Y. Xu, M.Y. Tan, Corros. Sci. 151(2019) 163-174.
[69]	K.D. Efird, in: Flow Effects on Corrosion, Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, 2011, pp. 203-213.
[70]	K. Chen, Y. Lu, H. Tang, Y. Gao, F. Zhao, X. Gu, Y. Fan, Acta Biomater. 113(2020) 627-645.
[71]	G. Katarivas Levy, A. Kafri, Y. Ventura, A. Leon, R. Vago, J. Goldman, E. Aghion, Mater. Lett. 248(2019) 130-133.
[72]	J. Teichmann, A. Morgenstern, J. Seebach, H.-.J. Schnittler, C. Werner, T. Pompe, Biomaterials 33 (7) (2012) 1959-1969.
[73]	Z. Othman, B. Cillero Pastor, S. van Rijt, P. Habibovic, Biomaterials 167 (2018) 191-204.
[74]	J. Ma, N. Zhao, D. Zhu, A.C.S. Biomater, Sci. Eng. 1 (11) (2015) 1174-1182.
[75]	E.R. Shearier, P.K. Bowen, W. He, A. Drelich, J. Drelich, J. Goldman, F. Zhao, ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2(4) (2016) 634-642.
[76]	P. Li, C. Schille, E. Schweizer, E. Kimmerle-Müller, F. Rupp, A. Heiss, C. Legner, U.E. Klotz, J. Geis-Gerstorfer, L. Scheideler, Acta Biomater. 98(2019) 235-245.
[77]	S. Jana, Acta Biomater. 99(2019) 53-71.
[78]	W. Lin, H. Zhang, W. Zhang, H. Qi, G. Zhang, J. Qian, X. Li, L. Qin, H. Li, X. Wang, H. Qiu, X. Shi, W. Zheng, D. Zhang, R. Gao, J. Ding, Bioact. Mater. 6 (4) (2021) 1028-1039.