A review on carbon/magnetic metal composites for microwave absorption

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.078

Abstract

Abstract:

At present, developing high-efficiency microwave absorption materials with properties including light-weight, thin thickness, strong absorbing intensity and broad bandwidth is an urgent demand to solve the electromagnetic pollution issues. An ideal microwave absorber should have excellent dielectric and magnetic loss capabilities, thereby inducing attenuation and absorption of incident electromagnetic radiation. Recently, various carbon/magnetic metal composites have been developed and expected to become promising candidates for high-performance microwave absorbers. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms of microwave absorption and summarize the recent advances in carbon/magnetic metal composites. Preparation methods and microwave absorption properties of carbon/magnetic metal composites with different components, morphologies and microstructures are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of carbon/magnetic metal absorbing materials are also proposed, which will be useful to develop high-performance microwave absorption materials.

Key words: Carbon/magnetic metal composites, Component, Microstructure, Microwave absorption properties, Absorbing mechanism

Baolei Wang, Qian Wu, Yonggang Fu, Tong Liu. A review on carbon/magnetic metal composites for microwave absorption[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 86: 91-109.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1. Mechanisms of microwave absorption, including resonance loss, eddy current loss, dipole polarization and interface polarization. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [61,62,69,70].

Fig. 2. (a) Preparation of CoxNi100-x@C by arc-plasma method. (b) Synthetic process of CoNi@C microspheres by solvothermal method. (c) Formation of FeNi-C core-shell NPs by CVD method. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [92,96,108].

Fig. 3. (a) Synthesis process of Fe@C microspheres. (b) TEM image, (c, d) line scanning profiles, (e) dielectric loss, (f) magnetic loss and (g) microwave absorption mechanism of the Fe@C hollow microspheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [125].

Fig. 4. (a) Fabrication process of FeCo/C nanofibers. (b-d) SEM, TEM images and EDX elemental mapping. (e) Impedance matching and (f) attenuation constant. (g) Microwave absorption model of FeCo/C nanofibers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130].

Fig. 5. (a) Synthetic progress of the M@N-CNTs. (b-d) SEM and TEM images of Fe@N-CNTs. (e) Microwave absorption mechanism for the M@N-CNTs nanocomposites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [140].

Fig. 6. (a) Fabrication process of N-rGA/Ni. (b) SEM image, (c) TEM image, (d) Cole-Cole plots and (e) reflection loss of N-rGA/Ni (600). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [149].

Fig. 7. (a) Synthetic route for the Co/C foams. (b) SEM image and (c) TEM image of Co/C-700. (d) Impedance matching and attenuation constant. (e) 3D contour maps of RL values for Co/C-700 foams. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [157].

Fig. 8. (a, b) TEM images, (c) HRTEM image, (d) dielectric loss tangent of Co@C NPs. (e) Plots of RL curves for the Co@C-50 wt.%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [159].

Fig. 9. (a) Synthesis process of the microporous Co@C NPs. (b) TEM image of the CoAl@C NPs. (c, d) TEM and HRTEM images of dealloyed NPs. Plots of (e) tan δεand (f) tan δμ. (g) 3-D reflection loss plots of S500. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [166].

Fig. 10. (a) Fabricating flower-like Nix/C microspheres. (b) TEM image of the Ni2.0/C microspheres. (c) Absorbing mechanism of the Nix/C microspheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [174].

Fig. 11. (a) Synthesis of yolk-shell Co3Fe7@C. (b) SEM image, (c) TEM image and (d) reflection loss for the optimized Co3Fe7@C. (e) Microwave absorption mechanism of yolk-shell Co3Fe7@C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [180].

Table 1 The preparation of carbon/magnetic metal composites.

Method	Preparation principle	Advantages	Disadvantages
Arc-plasma	In an inert atmosphere, the material is evaporated by controlling the arc discharge, and then the corresponding product is obtained on the cathode or the wall of the vacuum chamber during the cooling process.	Form high-quality nanophase structures faster	Difficult to scale up; Poor controllability
Solvothermal/ Hydrothermal	Under certain temperature and pressure, crystal growth or chemical reaction is carried out in water or other solutions.	Wide applicability; Low energy; Consumption; Strong controllability; Easy operation; High yield	Difficult to prepare pure metals; Unclear growth mechanism; Produce harmful substances
Chemical vapor deposition	To decompose the organic gas at high temperature and interact on the surface of the substrate, and then deposit on the substrate to form the composites	High purity; Strong design and controllability	High cost; Complex equipment; Energy consummation

Table 2 Summary of the microwave absorption properties of various carbon/magnetic metal composites.

Various carbon/magnetic metal composites	Sample	RL_min (dB)	EAB (GHz)	Refs.
Carbon microspheres/magnetic metal composites	C@CoFe spheres	-16.0	2.0	[120]
	FeNi/CS microspheres	-24.9	3.9	[121]
	Fe@C hollow microspheres	-37.7	7.5	[125]
Carbon nanofibers/magnetic metal composites	Co/N-CNFs composites	-25.7	4.3	[129]
	FeCo/CNFs composites	-24.1	2.9	[131]
	FeCo/C nanofibers	-59.9	6.0	[130]
Carbon nanotubes/magnetic metal composites	NiCo₂/CNTs nanohybrids	-25.5	4.4	[139]
	Fe@N-CNTs	-30.4	5.7	[140]
	Porous CNTs/Co composites	-60.4	5.1	[141]
	Co-C/MWCNTs nanocomposite	-50.0	4.3	[142]
Graphene oxide/magnetic metal composites	Fe/rGO composites	-45.0	4.4	[147]
	CoNi/rGO aerogels	-53.3	3.5	[148]
	N-rGA/Ni manifests	-60.8	5.1	[149]
Carbon foams/magnetic metal composites	Ni/carbon foam composites	-45.0	4.5	[154]
	CoNi@PRM-NC composites	-56.0	3.8	[156]
	Porous Co/C foam	-56.5	6.0	[157]
Carbon-coated magnetic metal composites	Microporous Co@C nanocomposites	-68.3	8.1	[165]
	Microporous Co@C nanoparticles	-111.5	13.2	[166]
	Rose-like Fe@C composites	-71.5	3.0	[172]
	Flower-like Ni/C composites	-52.4	5.0	[173]
	Flower-like Ni_x/Carbon microspheres	-43.7	6.5	[174]
	Yolk-shell NiCo/GC/NPC nanocomposites	-52.2	7.2	[178]
	Fe@void@C powders	-66.5	5.5	[179]
	Co₃Fe₇@C yolk-shell composites	-35.3	8.4	[180]

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