Reduced graphene oxide supersonically sprayed on wearable fabric and decorated with iron oxide for supercapacitor applications

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.066

Abstract

Abstract:

We demonstrate the fabrication of wearable supercapacitor electrodes. The electrodes were applied to wearable fabric by supersonically spraying the fabric with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) followed by decoration with iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles via a hydrothermal process. The integration of iron oxide with rGO flakes on wearable fabric demonstrates immense potential for applications in high-energy-storage devices. The synergetic impact of the intermingled rGO flakes and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles enhances the charge transport within the composite electrode, ultimately improving the overall electrochemical performance. Taking advantage of the porous nature of the fabric, electrolyte diffusion into the active rGO and Fe₂O₃ materials was significantly enhanced and subsequently increased the electrochemical interfacial activities. The effect of the Fe₂O₃ concentration on the overall electrochemical performance was investigated. The optimal composition yields a specific capacitance of 360 F g^-1 at a current density of 1 A g^-1 with a capacitance retention rate of 89 % after 8500 galvanostatic cycles, confirming the long-term stability of the Fe₂O₃/rGO fabric electrode.

Key words: Supersonic spraying, Conductive textile, Wearable energy devices, Reduced graphene oxide, Iron oxide, Supercapacitor

Ali Aldalbahi, Edmund Samuel, Bander S. Alotaibi, Hany El-Hamshary, Sam S. Yoon. Reduced graphene oxide supersonically sprayed on wearable fabric and decorated with iron oxide for supercapacitor applications[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 82: 47-56.

Figures/Tables 9

Scheme 1. (a) Bare uncoated fabric as a substrate. (b) Supersonic spraying to deposit rGO flakes onto the fabric. (c) rGO-coated fabric. (d) Fe2O3 decoration on the rGO-coated fabric inside the autoclave. (e) LED light test using the fabricated supercapacitor (top) and comparison between the rGO-free fabric and rGO-coated fabric with Fe2O3 decoration. (f) Possible smart clothing with wearable supercapacitors.

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns (the triangles, solid circles, and diamonds represent carbon and α- and γ-Fe2O3, respectively) and (b) Raman spectra of the pure rGO, F1, F2, and F3 samples.

Fig. 2. SEM images (various magnifications) showing the surface morphology of the (a-c) F1, (d-f) F2, and (g-i) F3 samples.

Fig. 3. (a) Focused ion beam, (b) TEM, and (c) HRTEM images of the F2 sample. (d) High-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) image for elemental mapping of Fe, O, and C (the inset in (d) is the combined elemental mapping).

Fig. 4. (a) XPS survey of the F2 sample and corresponding de-convoluted high-resolution XPS profiles for (b) Fe 2p, (c) O 1s, and (d) C 1s.

Fig. 5. CV curves of the pure rGO fabric sample (a) at different scan rates, (b) anodic/cathodic peak current in the potential window of ΔV = 1.1 V, and (c) for different CPRs (ΔV = 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2 V) at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1. CV curves of the pure Fe2O3 sample (d) at different scan rates, (e) anodic/cathodic peak current in the potential window of ΔV = 1.1 V, and (f) for different CPRs at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1.

Fig. 6. CV curves of (a) F2 at various scan rates, (b) F1, F2, and F3 at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1, and (c) anodic/cathodic peak current in the potential window of ΔV = 1.1 V. CV curves of F2 (d) at different potential windows and (e) for a different number of folds. (f) Nyquist plots for the F1, F2, and F3 samples at open-circuit voltage.

Fig. 7. Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves: (a) comparison of all samples at 1 A g-1, (b) F2 at various current densities, (c) specific capacitance vs. current density, (d) capacitance comparison of F2 for various potential ranges, (e) CPR dependent Ragone plots, and (f) capacitance retention for electrode without fold and with two folds. (g) Resistance change of the F2 sample during N = 400 cycles of stretching and relaxing.

Table 1 Specific capacitances of iron oxide composites reported in the study.

Electrode material	Electrolyte	Potential range (V)	Specific capacitance (F g^-1)	Ref.
Fe₂O₃ ND@NG	2 M KOH	-1 to 0	274@1 A g^-1	[26]
α-Fe₂O₃/rGO	PVA/KOH	-0.93 to 0	455@1 A g^-1	[27]
Fe₂O₃-Fe₃O₄/N-rGO	3 M KOH	0 to 1.7	112@1 A g^-1	[28]
Fe₂O₃-Fe₃O₄/C	6 M KOH	-0.8 to -0.3	274@0.5 A g^-1	[29]
Fe₂O₃/rGO	1 M Na₂SO₄	-1 to 0.2	255@0.5 A g^-1	[33]
rGO /Fe₂O₃	0.5 M H₂SO₄	-0.2 to 1	86@0.1 A g^-1	[34]
Au- Fe₂O₃ nanorods	0.5 M H₂SO₄	0 to 1.8	570@1 A g^-1	[35]
α-Fe₂O₃@C	1 M LiOH	-0.75 to -0.2	443@0.5 A g^-1	[37]
Fe₂O₃/MnO₂	1 M Na₂SO₄	0 to 1.2	297@1 A·g^-1	[38]
N-GNTs@α-Fe₂O₃	2 M KOH	-1 to 0	309@1 A g^-1	[53]
Fe₂O₃/rGO fabric	2 M KOH	0 to 1.1	360@1 A g^-1	Present

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