Electrochemical measurements used for assessment of corrosion and protection of metallic materials in the field: A critical review

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.004

J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 112: 151-183.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.004

• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles

Electrochemical measurements used for assessment of corrosion and protection of metallic materials in the field: A critical review

Da-Hai Xia^a^,^b^,^*(), Cheng-Man Deng^a^,^b(), Digby Macdonald^c(), Sina Jamali^d(), Douglas Mills^e(), Jing-Li Luo^f(), Michael G. Strebl^g(), Mehdi Amiri^h(), Weixian Jinⁱ, Shizhe Song^a^,^b, Wenbin Hu^a^,^b^,^*()

^aTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
^bSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
^cDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
^dSchool of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
^eSchool of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, St. George’s Avenue, Northampton, NN2 6JD, UK
^fDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
^gDepartment of Materials Science (LKO, WW-4), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
^hDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
ⁱZhoushan Marine Corrosion Institute of Central Research Institute of Iron and Steel, Zhoushan, 316003, China

Received:2021-09-20 Revised:2021-11-06 Accepted:2021-11-14 Published:2021-12-16 Online:2021-12-16
Contact: Da-Hai Xia,Cheng-Man Deng,Digby Macdonald,Sina Jamali,Douglas Mills,Jing-Li Luo,Michael G. Strebl,Mehdi Amiri,Wenbin Hu
About author:wbhu@tju.edu.cn (W.Hu).
mamirida@gmu.edu (M. Amiri),
michael.strebl@fau.de (M.G. Strebl),
jingli.luo@ualberta.ca (J.-L. Luo),
douglas.mills@northampton.ac.uk (D. Mills),
sina_jamali@uow.edu.au (S. Jamali),
macdonald@berkeley.edu (D. Macdonald),
chengmandeng@tju.edu.cn (C.-M. Deng),
* E-mail addresses: dahaixia@tju.edu.cn (D.-H. Xia),
Dr. Da-Hai Xia is an Associate Professor at the school of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University. He received his PhD degree from Tianjin University (China) in 2012. He then joined the University of Alberta (Canada) as a Post-doctoral fellow (2013 ∼2014) under the guidance of Prof. Jing-Li Luo. His-research interests are interdisci- plinary studies of corrosion, electrochemistry and surface science. He is selected as the Youth Editorial Commit- tee Member of Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China and Equipment Environmental Engineering.
Cheng-Man Deng is a master student under the guidance of Dr. Da-Hai Xia at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University. His research subject is localized corrosion of aluminum alloy exposed at the seawater/air interface, with an emphasis on corrosion mechanism and simulation.
Digby D. Macdonald is the current Professor in Residence at the University of California, Berkeley’s Departments of Nuclear Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering. After growing up and obtaining his Bachelor’s degree in New Zealand, Macdonald moved to Canada to receive his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Calgary. Throughout his career, his has held numerous po- sitions at Ohio State University and Pennsylvania State University. He has received many awards for his scien- tiﬁc work, including the 2014 Frumkin Memorial Medal from the International Society of Electrochemistry for his work on passivity and passivity breakdown. His-work on the properties of aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures also earned him the 2013 Gibbs Award.
Dr. Sina Jamali is an Australian Research council DECRA Fellow at School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia. He received his PhD from Intelligent Polymer Research Institute within the ARC centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science at the University of Wollongong in 2016. He was a member and project leader at the ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Innovation (Steel Research Hub) since 2015. His-publications and research strengths are around polymer coatings, biomaterials, electrochemistry, and corrosion.
Douglas Mills obtained a BA Honours degree in Natu- ral Sciences and then went on to get a PhD in the ﬁeld of Corrosion Prevention by Coatings; both degrees being from the University of Cambridge, UK. He is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Engineering at the University of Northampton, UK where he teaches Mate- rials Engineering and conducts and supervises research in corrosion and protection with a major interest in the mechanism of prevention of corrosion by organic coat- ings and development of electrochemical techniques for assessing the corrosion prevention ability of coatings on metal substrates, of inhibitors and corrosion of reinforcing bar in Concrete. He is involved with standards work: ISO committee TC35 SC9 WG9; Electrochemical methods for testing of paint coatings and ISO TC 156 WG 11; Electrochemical test methods. He has over 100 publications in the ﬁeld of corrosion and protection; 70 in journals and at least 30 others in conference proceedings.
Dr. Jing-Li Luo is a professor Emeritus at Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from McMaster University, Canada in 1992. She served as Canadian Research Chair in Alternative Fuel Cells from 2004 to 2015, and received a number of awards including Morris Cohen Award in 2002, Mc-Calla Professorship of University of Alberta in 2003 and Metal Chemistry Award in 2014. Dr. Luo was elected to be Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering in 2016. Her research has been focused on fuel cells, energy storage research, clean energy technology and corrosion control.
Michael Strebl is a researcher working in the group of Prof. Sannakaisa Virtanen at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. He works in the ﬁeld of corrosion science, and he focuses on the development of novel in situ methods to monitor corrosion rates. Besides, he is experienced with corrosion protective surface pretreatments of Mg and Al light alloys.
Dr. Wenbin Hu is a Professor and Dean of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tianjin University. Prior to joining the faculty at Tianjin University, he worked as a Professor in Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He graduated from Central-South University with a BSc in 1988, and received MSc from Tianjin University in 1991. He received PhD from Central-South University in 1994. Dr Hu’s research interests focus on design, synthesis and characterization of advanced micro/nanomaterials for en- ergy storage and conversion applications.

Abstract

Abstract:

Corrosion degradation is detrimental to metal structures as it shortens their lifetime and leads to huge economic losses and unexpected disasters. Therefore, the detection and monitoring of corrosion degradation is of great importance. Herein, we briefly review the state-of-the-art electrochemical methods, instrumentation (based on virtual instrumentation), and advanced sensor/probes that are used in the field for the assessment of corrosion damage. Typical corrosion monitoring results, some of which have been obtained at Tianjin University in the past 30 years, for metallic materials and organic coating/metal systems in atmospheric, marine, and soil conditions in the field are presented. Detection methods, data analysis, and theoretical and mathematical models regarding each corrosion system are discussed, and the challenges, problems and possible solutions for each case are suggested. Lastly, future developments, such as wireless, intelligent, and automatic electrochemical measurement, that will augment the present electrochemical methods of evaluating corrosion degradation are summarized.

Key words: Corrosion monitoring, Electrochemical method, Virtual instrumentation, Sensor, Data analysis, iIn-situ measurement, Probe

Da-Hai Xia, Cheng-Man Deng, Digby Macdonald, Sina Jamali, Douglas Mills, Jing-Li Luo, Michael G. Strebl, Mehdi Amiri, Weixian Jin, Shizhe Song, Wenbin Hu. Electrochemical measurements used for assessment of corrosion and protection of metallic materials in the field: A critical review[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 112: 151-183.

Figures/Tables 27

Table 1. Electrode systems used in EN measurement [43].

Measurement mode	Electrode system	Electrode system no.	Requirement of the area of the electrodes
ZRA mode	Symmetrical electrode system	#1	S_WE1=S_WE2
		#2	S_WE1=S_WE2=S_RE
	Asymmetrical electrode system	#3	S_WE1≠S_WE2
		#4	S_WE1≠S_WE2
		#5	S_WE1≠S_CE
		#6	S_WE1=S_WE2
Open circuit potential		#7	No requirement
Potentiostatic mode		#8	No requirement
Galvanostatic mode		#9	No requirement

Fig. 1. (a) Working principle of the EFM test system (b) Signal acquisition for virtual instrument with DAQ 6036E and ZF-3 potentiostat (c) operating system in practice [82].

Table 2. Comparison between virtual instruments and conventional instruments.

Virtual instrument	Conventional instrument
High development efficiency and short development cycle time	High development and maintenance costs and long development cycle time
Short technology update cycle (1∼2 year)	Long technology update cycle (5∼10 year)
Software is the key	Hardware is the key
High cost performance, reusable and reconfigurable	Expensive
User-defined instrument functions	Manufacturer-defined instrument functions
Open, flexible, and can keep pace with the development of computer technology	Closed, fixed
Can be connected with other devices through network, application-oriented instrument systems	Independent device with a single function and limited interconnection

Fig. 2. (a) a typical one-step potentiostatic charge curve (b) a typical galvanostatic charge curve.

Table 3. Comparison of in-situ techniques for monitoring atmospheric corrosion.

Methods	Sensitivity range	Quantify uniform corrosion rate	Quantify Localized corrosion	Field monitoring use	Expected probe/sensor life	Ref.
OCP		No	No	Yes	Long
Atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM)	High	Yes	-	Yes	Depends on corrosion rate	[241,242]
EIS measured in the whole frequency range	High	Yes	no	Yes	Depends on corrosion rate	[243,244]
EIS measured at two frequency points	High	Yes	no	Yes	Depends on corrosion rate	[102]
Electrochemical noise	High	Yes	yes	Yes	Depends on corrosion rate	[245]
Linear polarization	High	Yes	no	Yes	Depends on corrosion rate	[246]

Table 4. Electrochemical probes and sensors designed for EN measurement.

	Electrode configuration	Distance between adjacent electrodes	Ref.
Probe #1	Three nominally identical electrodes, RE is pseudo-one	0.2 mm	[245,247,248]
Probe #2	All the electrodes are identical: AISI 1010 carbon steel with a thickness of 0.5 mm and a length of 25 mm, RE is pseudo-one	1.5 mm	[249]
Probe #3	RE is a true one	0.1 mm	[250]
Sensor #1	RE is a Zn electrodeCE is a platinum wire	Distance between WE and RE is ∼180 μm	[26,27]

Fig. 3. EN monitoring results of Q235B steel exposed to Tianjin urban atmosphere over 20 days. (a) potential noise; (b) current noise; (c) relative humidity; (d) temperature; (e) noise resistance; (f) ECN standard deviation; (g) EPN standard deviation. (Some data are lacking in Fig. 3 due to a power outage.) [87].

Table 5. Electrochemical sensors designed for EIS measurement.

	Electrode system	Distance between adjacent electrodes	Corrosion rate	Corrosion form	Refs.
Probe #4	Screen-printed silver wire with a width of 1mm	1 mm	sensitive	No	[94]
Probe #5	Two electrodes: Made of carbon steel or 316 L stainless steel plate	0.2 mm	sensitive	No	[102,251]
Probe #5	Two electrodes: Made of Zn	0.1 mm	sensitive	No	[252]
	Al and Cu	10 and 20 μm	sensitive	No	[253]
Probe #6	Two electrodes: Carbon steel plates	0.1 mm	sensitive	No	[103]
	Weathering steel	0.12 mm	sensitive	No	[104]
	Cu	0.1 mm	sensitive	No	[31]
Probe #7	weathering steel	0.5 mm	sensitive	No	[243]
Probe #8	RE and CE: pure zinc wiresWE: 304SS tube	0.15 mm	sensitive	No	[254]
Probe #9	WE and CE: CuRE: SCE	0.5 mm	sensitive	Yes	[255], [256], [257]
Probe #9	Zn, Zn,Ag(s)/AgCl(s) electrode in saturated KCl	0.1 mm	sensitive	No	[250]

Table 6. Electrochemical probes and sensors designed for EIS measurement.

	RE	CE	Isolator or electrolyte	WE	Refs.
Sensor #2	SCE with a lugging capillary	316 SS coiled wire of approximately 10 cm² in surface area	Gel electrolyte	AISI 304 SS plate	[23]
Sensor #3	High purity zinc wire	Pt wire	Porous plastic film	Q235B and T91 steels	[26]
Sensor #3	High purity antimony wire	stainless steel coated with thermal sprayed ceramic coatings	Filter paper with diameter of 5.5 cm	AISI 304 SS pipeline	[99]
Sensor #4	Ag/AgCl	stainless steel mesh	0.3 M NaCl+5% agar	metallic cultural heritage	[95]
Sensor #5	Ag/AgCl in saturated NaCl solution	Pt wire	micro-capillaries	carbon steel	[96]
Sensor #6	-	Cu plate with a size of 150 × 100 × 1mm	wetted cloth 2.2 × 2.2 × 1mm	Cu plate with an area of 2 cm²	[97]
Sensor #7	Cu pad	Cu pad	Filter paper soaked in 0.5 M NaCl	organic coating/metal system	[98]
Sensor #8	A saturated Ag/AgCl electrode	a Φ500 μm platinum wire	Glass capillary	2205 duplex stainless steel	[100]

Fig. 4. (a) Locations of ACM sensors installed on monitored test vehicle (b) Fe-Ag type ACM probe [108].

Fig. 5. ACM-4000 G atmospheric corrosion monitoring system structure diagram.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic of a closed chamber respirometric setup to monitor ORR and HER rates simultaneously with an optical O2 sensor and a combined sensor for pressure, temperature and relative humidity, adapted from Ref. [111]; (b) Promising experimental setup for field in situ measurements of ORR rates presented by Matthiesen [118], where a transparent chamber is glued to a bigger corroding structure; (c) Atmospheric corrosion real-time monitoring of HER, ORR and total corrosion rate of multiple NaCl contaminated Mg alloy AZ91 samples exposed to changing environmental conditions like RH, temperature and O2 partial pressure as determined with an intermittent-flow respirometric setup; (d) Respirometric monitoring of multiple NaCl contaminated 6000 series Al alloy samples during atmospheric exposure at elevated RH. Adapted from Ref. [111].

Fig. 7. Experimental set up for EN measurement using (a) salt bridge method, (b) single substrate, (c) no connection to substrate, and (d) single cell.

Fig. 8. Evolution of ENM application for remote site investigation via (a) modem/telephone line communication [38], (b, c) electric generators [24,34], and (d, e) portable EN analyser “ProCoMeter” [43].

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic diagram of electrode placement for EISPlus measurement; (b) belt-mounted EISPlus probe in pipe. A small magnet is used to make an electrical connection to the pipe where the coating has been stripped (adapted from [163]); (c) Testing the painting of a new bridge in the city of Gdynia (Poland) [166]; (d) Testing the painting of pier columns in the port of Gdansk (Poland) 1 year after painting [166].

Fig. 10. (a) the corrosion current density of Q235 carbon steel (#3) and Q235 ultrafine carbon steel (#7) was determined by using EFM (b) the corresponding temperature of the seawater in Zhoushan.

Fig. 11. Electrochemical monitoring the corrosion process of 4 steels in Zhoushan seawater during a 4 years’ immersion (Oct. 21, 2003～ Oct. 25, 2007) (a) the location of the specimens (b) electrode system used for corrosion potential and LPR measurements (c-f) corrosion morphology corresponding to immersion time of 59, 276, 1015 and 1457 d (g) temperature evolution during the immersion time (f) the change of corrosion potential as a function of immersion time (1) the change of polarization resistance as a function of immersion time. [175,176].

Fig. 12. Erosion-corrosion of 3C carbon steel in seawater in Zhoushan (a) the experimental setup for a field test (b) EIS results at various rotation speeds after immersion in seawater for 23 h [198].

Fig. 13. Schematic illustration of the erosion-corrosion sensor, (a) the 3D view of the sensitive and compensation elements, (b) the top and longitudinal section views of the sensitive element before and after erosion-corrosion and (c) the measurement circuit of the sensor system [205].

Fig. 14. Electrochemical sensor designed for corrosion monitoring for large metal structure [210] (a) the detected region was limited by a hole (b) the detected region was limited by “closed cell” design (c) “open cell” design, the current flow through the CE was limited by the CE having a limited exposed area.

Fig. 15. Corrosion rate detection based on potentiostatic step technique by using the sensor in Fig. 10a. (a) input potential signal (b) the current response curve [258].

Fig. 16. Schematic diagram of the embedded-electrode configuration for coating evaluation by using electrochemical noise technique [212].

Fig. 17. Four possible states of the coating on buried pipeline (a) intact coating (b) coating breakage (c) disbonding without breakdown (d) disbonding with breakdown (e) The analysis system of underground pipeline coating defects detection (the software was programmed in Tianjin University in 2003) [215].

Fig. 18. (a) Setup and working state of the grounding grid corrosion diagnosis system (b) structure of the apertural current limiting probe (c) Raw E-t curve and denoised E-t curve obtained from an in-field galvanostatic measurement (d) E-t curves obtained at position A, B and C in Anding substation [82].

Fig. 19. (a) structure profile of EN sensor used in high temperature steam [9] (b) field corrosion detection of carbon steel pipeline at high temperature (c) Zsn of carbon steel pipeline under different test conditions [9].

Table 7. EN detection results showing the standard deviation of EPN and ECN as functions of temperatures and pressures (A:air;B:0.5Mpa, 153 °C;C:0.7 MPa, 168 °C;D:1 MPa, 181 °C;E:0.1Mpa increased to 1.6Mpa, 100 °C increased to 204 °C;F:1.8 MPa, 206 °C;G:2.4 MPa, 219 °C) [9].

	Standard deviation of EPN / mV	Standard deviation of ECN /nA	Noise resistance R_n/Ω	DC limit of R_sn(f), $Z_{\text{sn}}^{0}$/Ω
A	0.478	2.86E-2	1.6682E7	5.615E7
B	1.52	6.43	2.3637E5	4.777E6
C	3.29	11.56	2.8442E5	1.731E6
D	1.72	12.50	1.3763E5	1.423E6
E	15.52	109.61	1.4160E5	7.202E6
F	1.6	15.93	1.0043E5	1.294E5
G	1.79	92.53	7.7702E4	7.378E4

Table A.1. Some common electrochemical and corrosion systems and their electrochemical equivalent circuits (EECs).

No.	Corrosion system	Impedance
EEC1	Blocking electrode	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{1}{j\omega C}$
EEC2	Blocking electrode (CPE)	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{1}{{{\left( j\omega \right)}^{\alpha }}Q}$
EEC3	Corroding electrode	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{{{R}_{t}}}{1+j\omega {{C}_{\text{dl}}}{{R}_{t}}}$
EEC4	Corroding electrode (CPE)	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{{{R}_{t}}}{1+{{\left( j\omega \right)}^{\alpha }}Q{{R}_{t}}}$
EEC5	Metal covered by organic coating	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{1}{j\omega {{C}_{\text{C}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}_{\text{c}}}+\frac{1}{j\omega {{C}_{\text{dl}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}_{\text{t}}}}}}}$
EEC6	Metal covered by organic coating (CPE)	$Z={{R}_{e}}+\frac{1}{{{\left( j\omega \right)}^{{{\alpha }_{c}}}}{{Q}_{\text{C}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}_{\text{c}}}+\frac{1}{{{\left( j\omega \right)}^{{{\alpha }_{dl}}}}{{Q}_{\text{dl}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}_{\text{t}}}}}}}$

References 258

[1]	L. Tao, S. Song, W. Jin, J. Chem. Ind. Eng. Soc. 60 (2) (2009) 153-158 http://hgxb.cip.com.cn/CN/Y2009/V60/I2/415 (accessed 17 December 2021). (in Chinese)
[2]	S. Lee, Digital Color Image Processing System for Civil Infrastructure HealthAssessment and Monitoring: Steel Bridge Coating Case Ph.D. Thesis, PurdueUniversity, 2005.
[3]	F.M.V. Pereira, M.I.M.S. Bueno, Anal. Chim. Acta 588 (2007) 184-191. DOI URL
[4]	H.-.K. Shen, P.-.H. Chen, L.-.M. Chang, Automat. Constr. 31 (2013) 338-356. DOI URL
[5]	J. Kovacˇ, A. Legat, B. Zajec, T. Kosec, E. Govekar, Ultrasonics 62 (2015) 312-322. DOI URL
[6]	A. Etiemble, H. Idrissi, L. Roue, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 38 (2013) 1136-1144. DOI URL
[7]	J. Kovac, M. Leban, A. Legat, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 7607-7616. DOI URL
[8]	K. Wu, J.-.W. Byeon, Corros. Sci. 148 (2019) 331-337. DOI URL
[9]	S.Z. Song, W.X. Zhao, J.H. Wang, J. Li, Z.M. Gao, D.H. Xia, Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf. 54 (2018) 340-346. DOI URL
[10]	E. Astafev, J. Solid State Electr. 23 (2019) 1705-1713. DOI
[11]	E. Astafev, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90 (2019) 025104. DOI URL
[12]	E. Astafev, A. Ukshe, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 68 (2019) 4412-4418. DOI URL
[13]	U. Bertocci, F. Huet, B. Jaoul, P. Rousseau, Corrosion 56 (2000) 675-683.
[14]	D.H. Xia, S.Z. Song, Y. Behnamian, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 51 (2016) 527-544.
[15]	R. Cottis, A. Homborg, J. Mol, Electrochim. Acta 202 (2016) 277-287. DOI URL
[16]	J. Sanchezamaya, R. Cottis, F. Botana, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 3280-3299. DOI URL
[17]	D.-.H. Xia, Z. Qin, S. Song, D. Macdonald, J.-.L. Luo, Corros. Commun. 2 (2021) 1-8, doi: 10.1016/j.corcom.2021.09.001. DOI URL
[18]	A. Kokalj, D. Costa, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 071508. DOI URL
[19]	J. Hou, X.-.S. Kong, X. Wu, J. Song, C.S. Liu, Nat. Mater. 18 (2019) 833-839. DOI URL
[20]	N. Van den Steen, H. Simillion, O. Dolgikh, H. Terryn, J. Deconinck, Elec-trochim. Acta 187 (2016) 714-723.
[21]	I.S. Cole, T.H. Muster, N.S. Azmat, M.S. Venkatraman, A. Cook, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 1856-1865. DOI URL
[22]	Y.-y. Ji, Y.-z. Xu, B.-b. Zhang, Y. Behnamian, D.-h. Xia, W.-b. Hu, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 31(11) 2021 3205-3227. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65727-8 DOI URL
[23]	G. Monrrabal, F. Huet, A. Bautista, Corros. Sci. 148 (2019) 48-56. DOI
[24]	J.M. Silva, R.P. Nogueira, L. de Miranda, F. Huet, J. Electrochem. Soc. 148 (2001) E241-E247.
[25]	D.-.H. Xia, Y. Song, S. Song, Y. Behnamian, L. Xu, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, Z. Gao, W. Hu, Prog. Org. Coat. 126 (2019) 53-61.
[26]	D.-.H. Xia, C. Ma, S. Song, L. Ma, J. Wang, Z. Gao, C. Zhong, W. Hu, Sens. Ac-tuators B: Chem. 252 (2017) 353-358.
[27]	D. Xia, S. Song, J. Li, W. Jin, Corros. Sci. Prot Technol 29 (5) (2017) 581-585 (in Chinese) (accessed 17 December 2021), doi: 10.11903/1002.6495.2016.246. (in Chinese) DOI
[28]	D.-.H. Xia, J. Wang, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, L. Xu, W. Hu, Y. Behnamian, J.-.L. Luo, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 280 (2019) 235-242. DOI URL
[29]	W. Nash, T. Drummond, N. Birbilis, NPJ. Mater.Degrad. 2 (2018) 37.
[30]	S. Jafarzadeh, Z. Chen, S. Li, F. Bobaru, Electrochim. Acta 323 (2019) 134795. DOI URL
[31]	S. Wan, J. Hou, Z.-.F. Zhang, X.-x. Zhang, Z.-.H. Dong, Corros. Sci. 150 (2019) 246-257. DOI URL
[32]	M. Komoda, I. Shitanda, Y. Hoshi, M. Itagaki, Electrochem. Commun. 103 (2019) 133-137. DOI URL
[33]	I. Shitanda, T. Irisako, M. Itagaki, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 160 (2011) 1606-1609. DOI URL
[34]	M.W. Kendig, H. Leidheiser, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 982-989. DOI URL
[35]	H. Leidheiser, Prog. Org. Coat. 7 (1979) 79-104. DOI URL
[36]	M. Stern, A.L. Geary, J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 56-63. DOI URL
[37]	M. Keddam, Corrosion 62 (2006) 1056-1066.
[38]	D.D. Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 1443-1449. DOI URL
[39]	B. Syrett, D. Macdonald, Corrosion 35 (1979) 505-509.
[40]	J. Qiu, D.D. Macdonald, Y. Xu, L. Sun, Mater. Corros. 72 (2021) 107-119.
[41]	J. Ai, Y. Chen, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, D.D. Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154 (2007) C43-C51.
[42]	J. Ai, Y. Chen, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, D.D. Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154 (2007) C52-C59.
[43]	D.-.H. Xia, S. Song, Y. Behnamian, W. Hu, Y.F. Cheng J.-. L. Luo, F. Huet, J. Elec-trochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 081507.
[44]	R.A. Cottis, Corrosion 57 (2001) 265-285.
[45]	D.-.H. Xia, Y. Behnamian, Russ. J. Electrochem. 51 (2015) 593-601. DOI URL
[46]	A.M. Homborg, T. Tinga, E.P.M. van Westing, X. Zhang, G.M. Ferrari, J.H.W. de Wit, J.M.C. Mol, Corrosion 70 (2014) 971-987.
[47]	J.F. Chen, W.F. Bogaerts, Corros. Sci. 37 (1995) 1839-1842. DOI URL
[48]	J.F. Chen, W.F. Bogaerts, Corrosion 52 (1996) 753-759.
[49]	J. Bockris, A. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, 2nd ed., Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.
[50]	M.T. Smith, D.D. Macdonald, CORROSION 2005, NACE International, 2005.
[51]	D.D. Macdonald, Electrochim. Acta 51 (2006) 1376-1388. DOI URL
[52]	D.D. Macdonald, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 2316-2319. DOI URL
[53]	M. Urquidi-Macdonald, S. Real, D.D. Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 2018-2024. DOI URL
[54]	M. Urquidi-Macdonald, S. Real, D.D. Macdonald, Electrochim. Acta 35 (1990) 1559-1566. DOI URL
[55]	M.E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, 2017.
[56]	S. Wang, J. Zhang, O. Gharbi, V. Vivier, M. Gao, M.E. Orazem, Nature Reviews Methods Primers 1 (2021) 41. DOI URL
[57]	ISO/TR 16208: 2014 Corrosion of metals and alloys —Test method for corro-sion of materials by electrochemical impedance measurements.
[58]	ISO 16773-1: 2016 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on coated and uncoated metallic specimens — Part 1: terms and deﬁnitions.
[59]	ISO 16773-2: 2016 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on coated and uncoated metallic specimens — Part 2: collection of data.
[60]	ISO 16773-3: 2016 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on coated and uncoated metallic specimens — Part 3: processing and analysis of data from dummy cells.
[61]	ISO 16773-4: 2017 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on coated and uncoated metallic specimens — Part 4: examples of spectra of polymer-coated and uncoated specimens.
[62]	C. Pan, X. Wang, Y. Behnamian, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, D.-.H. Xia, W. Hu, J. Elec-trochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 161510.
[63]	D.-.H. Xia, C. Pan, Z. Qin, B. Fan, S. Song, W. Jin, W. Hu, Prog. Org. Coat. 143 (2020) 105638.
[64]	J. Kittel, N. Celati, M. Keddam, H. Takenouti, Prog. Org. Coat. 41 (2001) 93-98. DOI URL
[65]	G.J. Brug, A.L.G. van den Eeden, M. Sluyters-Rehbach, J.H. Sluyters, J. Elec-troanal. Chem. Interfac. Electrochem. 176 (1984) 275-295.
[66]	B. Hirschorn, M.E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, I. Frateur, M. Musiani, Elec-trochim. Acta 55 (2010) 6218-6227.
[67]	S. Amand, M. Musiani, M.E. Orazem, N. Pébère, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, Elec-trochim. Acta 87 (2013) 693-700.
[68]	M.E. Orazem, I. Frateur, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, S. Marcelin, N. Pébère, A.L. Bunge, E.A. White, D.P. Riemer, M. Musiani, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 (2013) C215-C225.
[69]	D.D. Macdonald, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 515-517. DOI URL
[70]	J.M. Sanchez-Amaya, R.M. Osuna, M. Bethencourt, F.J. Botana, Prog. Org. Coat. 60 (2007) 248-254. DOI URL
[71]	S. Martinez, I. Šoić, V. Špada, Prog. Org. Coat. 153 (2021) 106155.
[72]	P. Wambacq, W.M.C. Sansen, Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits, Springer, Boston, MA, 1998.
[73]	I.B. Obot, I.B. Onyeachu, J. Mol. Liq. 249 (2018) 83-96. DOI URL
[74]	R.W. Bosch, J. Hubrecht, W.F. Bogaerts, B.C. Syrett, Corrosion 57 (2001) 60-70.
[75]	D.A. Eden, CORROSION 2005, NACE International, April 2005.
[76]	G. Prabhakara Rao, A.K. Mishra, J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 77 (1977) 121-125. DOI URL
[77]	U. Bertocci, Corrosion 35 (1979) 211-215.
[78]	R.W. Bosch, W.F. Bogaerts, Corrosion 52 (1996) 204-212.
[79]	R.W. Bosch, W.F. Bogaerts, Apparatus and method for electrochemical corro-sion monitoring. US Patent, No. US20000546728 2001.
[80]	S.S. Abdel-Rehim, K.F. Khaled, N.S. Abd-Elshaﬁ, Electrochim. Acta 51 (2006) 3269-3277. DOI URL
[81]	E. Kuş, F. Mansfeld, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 965-979. DOI URL
[82]	L. Han, Virtual Instrumentation Technology in Electrochemical Corrosion Measurement. 2007, Ph.D. Thesis, Tianjin University 2007, (in Chinese)
[83]	S. Song, in: Research Technology of Corosion Electrochemistry, Chemical In-dustry Press, Beijing, 1988, p. 16. (in Chinese)
[84]	Y.-.C. Wang, M. Su, D.-.H. Xia, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, L. Xu, H.-.Q. Fan, W. Hu, Mea-surement 134 (2019) 500-508.
[85]	C. Ma, Z. Wang, Y. Behnamian, Z. Gao, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, D.-.H. Xia, Measurement 138 (2019) 54-79. DOI URL
[86]	D.-.H. Xia, S. Song, Z. Qin, W. Hu, Y. Behnamian, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 037513.
[87]	C. Ma, S. Song, Z. Gao, J. Wang, W. Hu, Y. Behnamian, D.-.H. Xia, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 52 (6) (2017) 432-440, doi: 10.1080/1478422X.2017.1320117. DOI
[88]	U. Bertocci, C. Gabrielli, F. Huet, M. Keddam, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997) 31-37. DOI URL
[89]	U. Bertocci, C. Gabrielli, F. Huet, M. Keddam, P. Rousseau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997) 37-43. DOI URL
[90]	R.-.W. Bosch, R.A. Cottis, K. Csecs, T. Dorsch, L. Dunbar, A. Heyn, F. Huet, O. Hyökyvirta, Z. Kerner, A. Kobzova, J. Macak, R. Novotny, J. Öijerholm, J. Piippo, R. Richner, S. Ritter, J.M. Sánchez-Amaya, A. Somogyi, S. Väisänen, W. Zhang, Electrochim. Acta 120 (2014) 379-389. DOI URL
[91]	I.N. Bastos, F. Huet, R.P. Nogueira, P. Rousseau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2000) 671-677. DOI URL
[92]	F. Huet, K. Ngo, Corrosion 75 (2019) 1065-1073.
[93]	F. Huet, S. Ritter, Corrosion 74 (2018) 1457-1465.
[94]	I. Shitanda, A. Okumura, M. Itagaki, K. Watanabe, Y. Asano, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 139 (2009) 292-297. DOI URL
[95]	E. Cano, A. Crespo, D. Lafuente, B.Ramirez Barat, Electrochem. Commun. 41 (2014) 16-19. DOI URL
[96]	S. Li, L.H. Hihara, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2012) C461-C468.
[97]	E. García-Ochoa, J. González-Sánchez, F. Corvo, Z. Usagawa, L. Dzib-Pérez, A. Castañeda, J. Appl. Electrochem. 38 (2008) 1363-1368. DOI URL
[98]	S.S. Jamali, Y. Zhao, Z. Gao, H. Li, A.C. Hee, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 43 (2016) 36-43. DOI URL
[99]	S.-.Z. Song, W.-.X. Zhao, J.-.H. Wang, J. Li, Z.-.M. Gao, D.-.H. Xia, Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf. 54 (2018) 340-346. DOI URL
[100]	Y. Jin, Z. Lai, P. Bi, S. Yan, L. Wen, Y. Wang, J. Pan, C. Leygraf, Electrochem. Commun. 87 (2018) 53-57. DOI URL
[101]	P. Khullar, J.V. Badilla, R.G. Kelly, ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4 (2015) C31-C33.
[102]	Y. Shi, E. Tada, A. Nishikata, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162 (2015) C135-C139.
[103]	A. Nishikata, F. Suzuki, T. Tsuru, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 2578-2588. DOI URL
[104]	A. Nishikata, Q. Zhu, E. Tada, Corros. Sci. 87 (2014) 80-88. DOI URL
[105]	Y. Liu, Z. Wang, B. Wang, Y. Cao, Y. Huo, J.Chin Kewei, Soc. Corros. Prot. 37 (2017) 261-266. (in Chinese)
[106]	E. Schindelholz, R.G. Kelly, I.S. Cole, W.D. Ganther, T.H. Muster, Corros. Sci. 67 (2013) 233-241. DOI URL
[107]	E. Schindelholz, R.G. Kelly, Corros. Rev. 30 (2012) 135-170.
[108]	D. Mizuno, S. Suzuki, S. Fujita, N. Hara, Corros. Sci. 83 (2014) 217-225. DOI URL
[109]	C. Liu, J. Srinivasan, R.G. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) C845-C855.
[110]	N. Fuse, A. Naganuma, T. Fukuchi, J.-i. Tani, Y. Hori, Corrosion 73 (2017) 199-209.
[111]	M. Strebl, M. Bruns, S. Virtanen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 021510. DOI URL
[112]	M.G. Strebl, M.P. Bruns, G. Schulze, S. Virtanen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 011502. DOI URL
[113]	R.J. Winsley, N.R. Smart, A.P. Rance, P.A.H. Fennell, B. Reddy, B. Kursten, Cor-ros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 46 (2011) 111-116.
[114]	S. Thomas, N. Ott, R.F. Schaller, J.A. Yuwono, P. Volovitch, G. Sundararajan, N. V. Medhekar, K. Ogle, J.R. Scully, N. Birbilis, Heliyon 2 (2016) e00209.
[115]	S. Thomas, G. Sundararajan, P.D. White, N. Birbilis, Corrosion 73 (2017) 426-436.
[116]	M. Stratmann, K. Bohnenkamp, T. Ramchandran, Corros. Sci. 27 (1987) 905-926. DOI URL
[117]	H.S. Wroblowa, P. Yen Chi, G. Razumney, J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Elec-trochem 69 (1976) 195-201.
[118]	H. Matthiesen, Stud. Conserv. 52 (2007) 271-280. DOI URL
[119]	J.R.B. Lighton, L.G. Halsey, Comp. Biochem. Phys. A 158 (2011) 265-275. DOI URL
[120]	H.A.A. Al-Mazeedi, R.A. Cottis, Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004) 2787-2793. DOI URL
[121]	Y.J. Tan, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 139 (2009) 688-698. DOI URL
[122]	Y.F. Cheng, M. Wilmott, J.L. Luo, Appl. Surf. Sci. 152 (1999) 161-168. DOI URL
[123]	R.A. Cottis, M.A.A. Al-Awadhi, H. Al-Mazeedi, S. Turgoose, Electrochim. Acta 46 (2001) 3665-3674. DOI URL
[124]	J.M. Sanchez-Amaya, R.A. Cottis, F.J. Botana, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 3280-3299. DOI URL
[125]	A.M. Homborg, T. Tinga, X. Zhang, E.P.M. van Westing, P.J. Oonincx, G.M. Fer-rari, J.H.W. de Wit, J.M.C. Mol, Electrochim. Acta 104 (2013) 84-93. DOI URL
[126]	S.S. Jamali, D.J. Mills, R.A. Cottis, in: S. Touzain (Ed.), Appl. Electrochem. Tech. to Org. Coatings, European Federation of Corrosion, La Rochelle, France, 2015.
[127]	B.S. Skerry, D.A. Eden, Prog. Org. Coat. 19 (1991) 379-396. DOI URL
[128]	S.S. Jamali, D.J. Mills, R.A. Cottis, T.Y. Lan, Prog. Org. Coat. 96 (2016) 52-57.
[129]	S.J. Mabbutt, D.J. Mills, British Corrosion J 33 (1998) 158-160. DOI URL
[130]	S.J. Mabbutt, G.P. Bierwagen, D.J. Mills, Anti-Corros. Method. M. 49 (2002) 264-269. DOI URL
[131]	S. Mabbutt, D.J. Mills, C.P. Woodcock, Prog. Org. Coat. 59 (2007) 192-196. DOI URL
[132]	S.S. Jamali, D.J. Mills, J.M. Sykes, Prog. Org. Coat. 77 (2014) 733-741.
[133]	S.S. Jamali, D.J. Mills, Prog. Org. Coat. 95 (2016) 26-37.
[134]	J. Lv, Q.-x. Yue, R. Ding, X. Wang, T.-j. Gui, X.-d. Zhao, Chemelectrochem 8 (2021) 337-351. DOI URL
[135]	D.J. Mills, S.J. Mabbutt, 7th Int. Symp. Electrochem. Methods Corros. Res., 2000 p. paper no. 145.
[136]	S. Mabbutt, D.J. Mills, Surf. Coat. Int. PT B-C. 84 (2001) 277-283.
[137]	T. Jurak, S.S. Jamali, Y. Zhao, Electrochim. Acta 301 (2019) 377-389. DOI URL
[138]	C.P. Woodcock, D.J. Mills, H.T. Singh, J. Corros. Sci. Eng. 8 (2004) 1-10.
[139]	D.J. Mills, J. Corros. Sci. Eng. 8 (2004) 12.
[140]	S. Jamali, D.J. Mills, C. Woodcock, ECS Trans 24 (2019) 115-125. DOI URL
[141]	D. Mills, P. Picton, L. Mularczyk, Electrochim. Acta 124 (2014) 199-205. DOI URL
[142]	M. Halama, D. Jerolitsch, P. Linhardt, G. Faﬁlek, “Corrosion from Nanoscale to Plant” Eurocorr 2009, 2009.
[143]	M. Halama, J. Tká, O. Monbaliu, Y. Zhu, Mater. Sci. Forum 811 (2014) 3-10. DOI URL
[144]	M. Halama, Z. Ying, K. Kova, J. Brezinová, Acta Metall. Slovaca 20 (2014) 89-96.
[145]	D.-.H. Xia, Y. Song, S. Song, Y. Behnamian, L. Xu, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, Z. Gao, W. Hu, Prog. Org. Coat. 126 (2019) 53-61.
[146]	X.F. Yang, J. Li, S.G. Croll, D.E. Tallman, G.P. Bierwagen, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 80 (2003) 51-58. DOI URL
[147]	Q. Su, K. Allahar, G. Bierwagen, Electrochim. Acta 53 (2008) 2825-2830. DOI URL
[148]	V. Upadhyay, K.N. Allahar, G.P. Bierwagen, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 193 (2014) 522-529. DOI URL
[149]	K.N. Allahar, D. Wang, D. Battocchi, G.P. Bierwagen, S. Balbyshev, Corrosion 66 (2010).
[150]	G.P. Bierwagen, K.N. Allahar, Q. Su, V.J. Gelling, Corros. Sci. 51 (2009) 95-101. DOI URL
[151]	K.N. Allahar, Q. Su, G.P. Bierwagen, D.H. Lee, Corrosion 64 (2008) 773-787.
[152]	S.S. Jamali, D. Mills, Electrochim. Acta 398 (2021) 139279. DOI URL
[153]	R.L. Ruedisueli, J.N. Murray, CORROSION 2004, 2004.
[154]	J.N. Murray, R. Ruedisueli, CORROSION 20 05, NACE International, 2005.
[155]	D.J. Mills, M. Broster, I. Razaq, Prog. Org. Coat. 63 (2008) 267-271. DOI URL
[156]	F. Mansfeld, H. Xiao, L.T. Han, C.C. Lee, Prog. Org. Coat. 30 (1997) 89-100. DOI URL
[157]	F. Mansfeld, L.T. Han, C.C. Lee, G. Zhang, Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998) 2933-2945. DOI URL
[158]	S. Leeds, D.J. Mills, K. Schaefer, T. Lan, in: CeoCor, UK Institute of Corrosion, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, 2018, pp. 1-12.
[159]	D.J. Mills, K. Schaefer, T. Lan, T. Wityk, in: in: EuroCorr, European Federation of Corrosion, Kracow, Poland, 2018, 2018, pp. 1-12.
[160]	M.T. Woldemedhin, C. Lee, B. Skerry, D.J. Mills, CORROS. 2018 NACE Int. Cor-ros. Conf. Ser., NACE International, 2018.
[161]	B. Merten, E. Monblatt, in: Field Electrochemical Noise Measurement to Assess Coatings For Corrosion Protection, U.S. Department of the In-terior, Bureau of Reclamation, 2019, pp. 1-40. Final Research Report: ST-2019-19308-01.
[162]	F. Meng, L. Liu, Y. Cui, F. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 64 (2021) 165-175. DOI URL
[163]	J. Been, L. Yang, F. King, R.G. Worthingham, CORROSION 2005, NACE Interna-tional, 2005.
[164]	A. Miszczyk, K. Darowicki, Z. Klenowicz, Corrosion 53 (1997) 572-580.
[165]	A. Miszczyk, K. Darowicki, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11 (2002) 205-209.
[166]	A. Miszczyk (Poland), private communication.
[167]	J. Bordziłowski, A Królikowska, P.L. Bonora, I. Maconi, A. Sollich, Prog. Org. Coat. 67 (2010) 414-419. DOI URL
[168]	X. Qi, B. Hinderliter, V.J. Gelling, Corrosion 65 (2009) 343-349.
[169]	X. Qi, B. Hinderliter, V.J. Gelling, Corrosion 66 (2010) 0250 02-0250 02-10.
[170]	R.E. Melchers, Corros. Sci. 45 (2003) 923-940. DOI URL
[171]	R.E. Melchers, Corros. Sci. 46 (2004) 1669-1691. DOI URL
[172]	R.E. Melchers, R. Jeffrey, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 1678-1693. DOI URL
[173]	R.E. Melchers, Corros. Sci. 45 (2003) 2609-2625. DOI URL
[174]	L. Han, S. Song, J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 59 (2008) 977-981. (in Chinese)
[175]	S. Song, Y. Luo, W. Jin, L. Yin, J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot. 27 (6) (2007) 321-325 https://www.jcscp.org/CN/Y2007/V27/I6/321. (in Chinese)
[176]	Y. Luo, S. Song, W. Jin, L. Yin, J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 59 (11) (2008) 2864-2869 http://hgxb.cip.com.cn/CN/Y2008/V59/I11/2864. (in Chinese)
[177]	R.J.K. Wood, Wear 261 (2006) 1012-1023. DOI URL
[178]	Y.Z. Xu, Q. Zhou, L. Liu, Q. Zhang, S. Song, Y. Huang, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 55 (2020) 1-10. DOI URL
[179]	Z.B. Zheng, Y.G. Zheng, Corros. Sci. 102 (2016) 259-268. DOI URL
[180]	Y. Xu, M.Y. Tan, Corros. Sci. 139 (2018) 438-443. DOI URL
[181]	L.L. Li, Z.B. Wang, S.Y. He, Y.G. Zheng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 89 (2021) 158-166. DOI
[182]	L. Liu, Y. Xu, C. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Huang, Wear 428-429 (2019) 328-339.
[183]	H.X. Guo, B.T. Lu, J.L. Luo, Electrochim. Acta 51 (2006) 5341-5348. DOI URL
[184]	H.X. Guo, B.T. Lu, J.L. Luo, Electrochim. Acta 51 (2005) 315-323. DOI URL
[185]	Y. Xu, M.Y. Tan, Corros. Sci. 151 (2019) 163-174. DOI URL
[186]	Y.I. Oka, K. Okamura, T. Yoshida, Wear 259 (2005) 95-101. DOI URL
[187]	Y. Xu, L. Liu, C. Xu, X. Wang, M.Y. Tan, Y. Huang, J. Solid State Electr. 24 (2020) 2511-2524. DOI URL
[188]	Y. Xu, L. Liu, Q. Zhou, X. Wang, M.Y. Tan, Y. Huang, Metals (Basel) 10 (2020) 180. DOI URL
[189]	J. Xie, A. Alpas, D. Northwood, J. Mat. Sci. 38 (2003) 4849-4856. DOI URL
[190]	M.A. Islam, Z. Farhat, Wear 376-377 (2017) 533-541.
[191]	Y. Tan, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 1845-1864. DOI URL
[192]	Y. Xu, Q. Zhang, S. Gao, X. Wang, Y. Huang, Wear 478-479 (2021) 203907.
[193]	Y. Xu, L. Liu, Q. Zhou, X. Wang, Y. Huang, Wear 442-443 (2020) 203151.
[194]	G.J. Bignold, K. Garbett, R. Garnsey, I.S. Woolsey, British Nuclear Energy Soci-ety, pp. 5-18.
[195]	I.S. Woolsey, Erosion-corrosion in PWR secondary circuits, CERL Rep. TPRD/L/3114/R87 (1987).
[196]	D. Cubicciotti, J. Nucl. Mater. 152 (1988) 259-264. DOI URL
[197]	R. Malka. S. Nešic´, D.A. Gulino, Wear 262 (2007) 791-799. DOI URL
[198]	W. Jin, Y. Luo, S. Song, J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot. 28 (6) (2008) 337-340. (in Chinese)
[199]	P. Zhang, S. Zheng, J. Jing, Y. Zhou, Q. Li, K. Wang, N. Lv, N. Sun, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 26 (2015) 480-493. DOI URL
[200]	J.I. Ukpai, R. Barker, X. Hu, A. Neville, Wear 301 (2013) 370-382. DOI URL
[201]	Y.Z. Xu, Y.S. Zhu, L. Liu, L.M. He, X.N. Wang, Y. Huang, Mater. Corros. 68 (2017) 632-644.
[202]	Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, S. Song, X. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Huang, Mater. Corros. 71 (2020) 1386-1399.
[203]	Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, K. Li, X. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Huang, Measurement 138 (2019) 8-24. DOI URL
[204]	Y. Xu, Y. Huang, X. Wang, X. Lin, Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 224 (2016) 37-47. DOI URL
[205]	L. Liu, Y. Xu, Z. Wang, G. Li, X. Wang, Y. Huang, Measurement 183 (2021) 109797. DOI URL
[206]	Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, M. Wang, X. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Huang, Ocean Eng. 189 (2019) 106351. DOI URL
[207]	L. Liu, Y. Xu, Y. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. Huang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 141510. DOI URL
[208]	L. Zeng, G.A. Zhang, X.P. Guo, Corros. Sci. 85 (2014) 318-330. DOI URL
[209]	L. Zeng, G.A. Zhang, X.P. Guo, C.W. Chai, Corros. Sci. 90 (2015) 202-215. DOI URL
[210]	S. Li, Development and Applications of Improved Electrochemical Corrosion sensor in Aquatic Environment, B.S. Thesis, Tianjin University, 2008.
[211]	F. Meng, L. Liu, Y. Li, F. Wang, Prog. Org. Coat. 105 (2017) 81-91.
[212]	F. Meng, L. Liu, Y. Cui, T. Zhang, Y. Li, F. Wang, Prog. Org. Coat. 131 (2019) 346-356.
[213]	F. Meng, Y. Liu, L. Liu, Y. Cui, F. Wang, Coatings 9 (2019) 852. DOI URL
[214]	A. Chang, Electrochemical detection of the sea metal construction simulation corrosion test device. Ph.D. Thesis, Tianjin University, 2010.
[215]	Z. Gao, The application of wavelet analysis and neural networks in the study on coating detection and degradation. Ph.D. Thesis, Tianjin University, 2002.
[216]	X. Song, Study on electrochemical detection technique for protective coating of buried pipeline, Ph.D. Thesis, Tianjin University, 2000.
[217]	J. Titz, G.H. Wagner, H. Spähn, M. Ebert, K. Jüttner, W.J. Lorenz, Corrosion 46 (1990) 221-229.
[218]	D.H. Xia, S.Z. Song, J.H. Wang, H.C. Bi, Z.W. Han, Trans. Tianjin Univ. 18 (2012) 15-20. DOI URL
[219]	J.A. Guemes, F.E. Hernando, IEEE T. Power Deliver. 19 (2004) 595-600. DOI URL
[220]	J.G. Sverak, IEEE T. Power Deliver 13 (1998) 762-767. DOI URL
[221]	F.P. Dawalibi, J. Ma, R.D. Southey, IEEE T. Power Deliver 9 (1994) 334-342. DOI URL
[222]	D.D. Macdonald, Powerplant Chem. J. All Power Plant Chem. Areas 15 (2013) 400-443.
[223]	D.D. Macdonald, in: Su-l Pyun, J-N. Lee (Eds.), Progress in Corrosion Science and Engineering II, Springer, Boston, MA, 2012, 1-182.
[224]	Y. Li, D.D. Macdonald, J. Yang, J. Qiu, S. Wang, Corros. Sci. 163 (2020) 108280. DOI URL
[225]	D.D. Macdonald, A.C. Scott, P. Wentrcek, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 908-911. DOI URL
[226]	S.N. Lvov, D.D. Macdonald, J. Electroanal. Chem. 403 (1996) 25-30. DOI URL
[227]	S.N. Lvov, X.Y. Zhou, G.C. Ulmer, H.L. Barnes, D.D. Macdonald, S.M. Ulyanov, L. G. Benning, D.E. Grandstaff, M. Manna, E. Vicenzi, Chem. Geol. 198 (2003) 141-162. DOI URL
[228]	S. Hettiarachchi, K. Makela, H. Song, D.D. Macdonald, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139 (1992) L3-L4.
[229]	L.B. Kriksunov, D.D. Macdonald, P.J. Millett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 3002-3005. DOI URL
[230]	A.W. Apblett, M.T. Ley, N.F. Materer, Embedded Wireless Corrosion Sensor, US Patent, No. 20120007579, 2012.
[231]	M. Alamin, Passive Low Frequency RFID For Detection and Monitoring of Cor-rosion Under Paint and Insulation, Newcastle University, 2013 Ph.D. Thesis.
[232]	Y. He, Corrosion 76 (2020) 411-423.
[233]	Y.L. He, S. McLaughlin, J.S.H. Lo, C. Shi, J. Lenos, A. Vincelli, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 50 (2015) 63-71. DOI URL
[234]	Y.L. He, S. McLaughlin, J.S.H. Lo, C. Shi, J. Lenos, A. Vincelli, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 49 (2014) 695-704. DOI URL
[235]	G. Qiao, G. Sun, Y. Hong, T. Liu, X. Guan, Sensors 14 (2014) 3395-3407. DOI URL
[236]	G. Sun, G. Qiao, B. Xu, IEEE Sens. J. 11 (2011) 1476-1477. DOI URL
[237]	Y. Yu, G. Qiao, J. Ou, IEEE Sens. J. 10 (2010) 1901-1902. DOI URL
[238]	A. Miszczyk, K. Darowicki, Corros. Sci. 64 (2012) 234-242. DOI URL
[239]	W.C. Nickerson, N. Iyyer, K. Legg, M. Amiri, Corros. Rev. 35 (2017) 205-223. DOI URL
[240]	W.C. Nickerson, M. Amiri, N. Iyyer, Corros. Rev. 37 (2019) 367-375. DOI
[241]	F. Mansfeld, J. Kenkel, Corros. Sci. 16 (1976) 111-122. DOI URL
[242]	N. Fuse, Y. Shumuta, A. Naganuma, J.-i. Tani, Y. Hori, Corrosion 75 (2019) 839-847.
[243]	C. Li, Y. Ma, Y. Li, F. Wang, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 3677-3686. DOI URL
[244]	C. Thee, L. Hao, J. Dong, X. Mu, X. Wei, X. Li, W. Ke, Corros. Sci. 78 (2014) 130-137. DOI URL
[245]	D.-.H. Xia, C. Ma, S. Song, L. Xu, J. Electrochem. Soc. 166 (2019) B1000-B1009.
[246]	U. Langklotz, M. Babutzka, M. Schneider, A. Burkert, Mater. Corros. 70 (2019) 1314-1325. DOI
[247]	D. Xia, C. Ma, S. Song, CIESC Journal 70 (7) (2019) 2668-2674 http://hgxb.cip.com.cn/CN/10.11949/0438-1157.20190153.
[248]	M. Guo, C. Dong, X. Zhang, S. Song, F. Lu, Fail. Anal. Prev. 5 (2010) 149-154. (in Chinese)
[249]	E. Garcia-Ochoa, R. Ramirez, V. Torres, F.J. Rodriguez, J. Genesca, Corrosion 58 (2002) 756-760.
[250]	Q. Cheng, S. Song, L. Song, B. Hou, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 (2013) C380-C389.
[251]	A. Nishikata, Y. Yamashita, H. Katayama, T. Tsuru, a. Usami, K. Tanabe, H. Mabuchi, Corros. Sci. 37 (1995) 2059-2069. DOI URL
[252]	C. Somphotch, H. Hayashibara, A. Ooi, E. Tada, A. Nishikata, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) C590-C600.
[253]	F. Wall, M. Martinez, N. Missert, R. Copeland, A. Kilgo, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 17-32. DOI URL
[254]	X. Ma, Q. Cheng, M. Zheng, F. Cui, B. Hou, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 10 (2015) 10402-10421.
[255]	H. Huang, Z. Dong, Z. Chen, X. Guo, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 1230-1236. DOI URL
[256]	H. Huang, X. Guo, G. Zhang, Z. Dong, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 3446-3449. DOI URL
[257]	H. Huang, X. Guo, G. Zhang, Z. Dong, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 1700-1707. DOI URL
[258]	B. Zhou, Electrochemical Detection for the Corrosion Behavior of Metal Struc-ture in Marine Environment, B.S. Thesis, 2009, Tianjin University, 2009.

Electrochemical measurements used for assessment of corrosion and protection of metallic materials in the field: A critical review

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 27

References 258

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Li-Chuan Jia, Chang-Ge Zhou, Kun Dai, Ding-Xiang Yan, Zhong-Ming Li. Facile fabrication of highly durable superhydrophobic strain sensors for subtle human motion detection [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 110(0): 35-42.
[2]	Ranveer Singh, QadeerAkbar Sial, Seung-ik Han, Sanghee Nah, Ji-Yong Park, Hyungtak Seo. Nanoscale visualization of hot carrier generation and transfer at non-noble metal and oxide interface [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 98(0): 151-159.
[3]	Huihui Bai, Zhixing Zhang, Yajie Huo, Yongtao Shen, Mengmeng Qin, Wei Feng. Tetradic double-network physical crosslinking hydrogels with synergistic high stretchable, self-healing, adhesive, and strain-sensitive properties [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 98(0): 169-176.
[4]	Li Liu, Jian-Tang Jiang, Xiang-Yuan Cui, Bo Zhang, Liang Zhen, Simon P. Ringer. Correlation between precipitates evolution and mechanical properties of Al-Sc-Zr alloy with Er additions [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 99(0): 61-72.
[5]	Taegun Kim, Chanwoo Park, Edmund P. Samuel, Yong-Il Kim, Seongpil An, Sam S. Yoon. Wearable sensors and supercapacitors using electroplated-Ni/ZnO antibacterial fabric [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 100(0): 254-264.
[6]	Jiangtao Yu, Shucai Zhang, Huabing Li, Zhouhua Jiang, Hao Feng, Panpan Xu, Peide Han. Influence mechanism of boron segregation on the microstructure evolution and hot ductility of super austenitic stainless steel S32654 [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 112(0): 184-194.
[7]	Wan Huang, Peng Guo, Bo Li, Li Fu, Cheng-Te Lin, Aimin Yu, Guosong Lai. Enzyme-catalyzed deposition of polydopamine for amplifying the signal inhibition to a novel Prussian blue-nanocomposite and ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensing [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 102(0): 166-173.
[8]	Yaling Wang, Wei Zhu, Yuan Deng, Pengcheng Zhu, Yuedong Yu, Shaoxiong Hu, Ruifeng Zhang. High-sensitivity self-powered temperature/pressure sensor based on flexible Bi-Te thermoelectric film and porous microconed elastomer [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 103(0): 1-7.
[9]	Hyunjun Park, Woong Kim, Sang Won Lee, Joohyung Park, Gyudo Lee, Dae Sung Yoon, Wonseok Lee, Jinsung Park. Flexible and disposable paper-based gas sensor using reduced graphene oxide/chitosan composite [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 101(0): 165-172.
[10]	W.T. Lin, G.M. Yeli, G. Wang, J.H. Lin, S.J. Zhao, D. Chen, S.F. Liu, F.L. Meng, Y.R. Li, F. He, Y. Lu, J.J. Kai. He-enhanced heterogeneity of radiation-induced segregation in FeNiCoCr high-entropy alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 101(0): 226-233.
[11]	Huajing Xiong, Jianan Fu, Jinyao Li, Rashad Ali, Hong Wang, Yifan Liu, Hua Su, Yuanxun Li, Woon-Ming Lau, Nasir Mahmood, Chunhong Mu, Xian Jian. Strain-regulated sensing properties of α-Fe₂O₃ nano-cylinders with atomic carbon layers for ethanol detection [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 68(0): 132-139.
[12]	Ju Tang, Jin Zhang, Weizuo Zhang, Yiming Xiao, Yanli Shi, Fanquan Kong, Wen Xu. Modulation of red-light emission from carbon quantum dots in acid-based environment and the detection of chromium (Ⅲ) ions [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 83(0): 58-65.
[13]	Jiayun Feng, Yanhong Tian, Sumei Wang, Ming Xiao, Zhuang Hui, Chunjin Hang, Walter W. Duley, Y. Norman Zhou. Femtosecond laser irradiation induced heterojunctions between carbon nanofibers and silver nanowires for a flexible strain sensor [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 84(0): 139-146.
[14]	Tianyan Zhong, Huangxin Li, Tianming Zhao, Hongye Guan, Lili Xing, Xinyu Xue. Self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system from combining hydrovoltaic, gas sensing and photocatalytic effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 76(0): 33-40.
[15]	Jiachen Zhang, Taiwen Huang, Kaili Cao, Jia Chen, Huajing Zong, Dong Wang, Jian Zhang, Jun Zhang, Lin Liu. A correlative multidimensional study of γ′ precipitates with Ta addition in Re-containing Ni-based single crystal superalloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75(0): 68-77.