Self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system from combining hydrovoltaic, gas sensing and photocatalytic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.002

Abstract

Abstract:

A new self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system has been fabricated from TiO₂ nanoparticles through combining hydrovoltaic, gas sensing and photocatalytic effects. The TiO₂ nanoparticle film can convert natural thermal energy into electricity (hydrovoltaic effect) by the spontaneous water evaporation. The hydrovoltaic/gas-sensing coupling effect of TiO₂ nanoparticle offers the water-evaporation-powered gas detection performance, and the outputting voltage/current has a good response to the surrounding gas atmosphere, directly acting as the gas sensing signal. The zeta potential of TiO₂ is changed by the surface adsorption of gas molecules, and thus affects the electricity output of the system. The outputting electricity can directly power a wireless transmitter for transmitting the sensing information to external platform, and the whole system can work independently without electricity power supply. The rainwater can be used as the fuel of the system, and thus the system can be used outdoors without scheduled maintenance. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ can effectively degrade the organic pollutants on the film under photo illumination, leading to a self-clean behavior of the system. The system can probably promote the development of green sensing techniques with evaporation-induced ability.

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticles, Self-powered, Self-cleaned, Hydrovoltaic effect, Gas sensor

Tianyan Zhong, Huangxin Li, Tianming Zhao, Hongye Guan, Lili Xing, Xinyu Xue. Self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system from combining hydrovoltaic, gas sensing and photocatalytic effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 76: 33-40.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. Experimental design of self-powered gas monitoring system. (a) Theoretical basis. (b) The self-powered gas monitoring systems for monitoring field air quality and real-time transmitting sensor signal. (c) The system working process. (d) Device architecture and fabrication procedure of water-evaporation-driven gas sensor.

Fig. 2. Optical and SEM images of the device. (a) The device can be flexibly attached on the tree or other items out of door, and actively monitors the atmosphere quality. (b) The top-view and (c) side-view SEM images of the TiO2 film. (d) SEM image of MWCNT electrode.

Fig. 3. Electricity generation and gas sensing characteristics of the system. (a) The outputting voltage of the gas sensor was turned upside down before (black curve) and after (red curve) putting in the air. (b) The outputting current of the gas sensor under the same conditions. (c) The outputting voltage of a system consisting of three devices in series. (d) The outputting voltage under different concentration of oxygen. The inset shows the response of the device. (e) The outputting voltage of the device in four cycles in the condition of pure oxygen and air. (f) The response and recovery processes of the device against pure oxygen. (g) The outputting voltage and response of the device upon exposure to different concentration of ethanol gas. The inset shows the response of the device. (h) The outputting voltage of the device in four cycles in the condition of ethanol and air. (i) The response time of the device against 900 ppm ethanol.

Fig. 4. The photocatalytic activity of the water-evaporation-driven atmosphere monitoring system for degrading MB and MO in aqueous solution. UV-vis absorption spectra of MB solution upon degradation catalyzed by the device (a) with TiO2 nanoparticles and (b) without TiO2 nanoparticles under UV irradiation. (c) UV-vis absorption spectra of MB solution under UV irradiation. (d) The photodegradation profiles of MB solution under UV irradiation for 80 min with different conditions. UV-vis absorption spectra of MO solution upon degradation catalyzed by the device (e) with TiO2 nanoparticles and (f) without TiO2 nanoparticles under UV irradiation. (g) UV-vis absorption spectra of MO solution under UV irradiation. (h) The photodegradation profiles of MO solution under UV irradiation for 80 min with different conditions. The reproducibility of the device for degrading (i) MB and (j) MO under UV irradiation. (k) under UV irradiation for 1 h and (l) in the dark for 1 h (MB is used as the probe organic pollutant).

Fig. 5. Working mechanism of the atmosphere monitoring system. (a) The working mechanism of the water-evaporation/gas-sensing coupling effect. The inset shows the zeta potential of TiO2 film in air, oxygen and ethanol gas. (b) The working mechanism of the water-evaporation/photocatalytic coupling effect for the self-clean behaviors.

Fig. 6. The novel atmosphere monitoring system of coupling wireless sensing, self-powered and self-cleaned multi-function. (a) The concept of multi-function gas monitoring system in the atmospheric quality and sewage cleaning of the field. (b) the self-clean behavior of the atmosphere monitoring system. (c) The wireless sensing process of self-powered gas monitoring system.

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Self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system from combining hydrovoltaic, gas sensing and photocatalytic effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles

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