Research Article Hypo-toxicity and prominent passivation characteristics of 316 L stainless steel fabricated by direct metal laser sintering in a simulated inflammation environment

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.053

Abstract

Abstract:

3D-printing is an emerging technology that challenged wrought counterparts by one-step manufacturing for complicated biological devices. However, the material properties and surface features due to manufacturing parameters play an important role on the corrosion behaviour and influence the toxicity of the material as an implant. In this paper, the improvement of pitting potential was observed by electrochemical experiments as the result of grain refinement of DMLS 316 L at 200 W laser power. The ICP results verified the supressed release of toxic cations after the formation of the passive film with enhanced characteristics. However, the pores from DMLS 316 L have the potential to develop into pits when polarised above pitting potential, promoting the risk of using 3D-printed 316 L as implant materials.

Key words: Inflammation, 3D-printing implant, Passive film, Hypo-toxicity, porosity

Xiaoqi Yue, Lei Zhang, Xiaoyan He, Decheng Kong, Yong Hua. Research Article Hypo-toxicity and prominent passivation characteristics of 316 L stainless steel fabricated by direct metal laser sintering in a simulated inflammation environment[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 93: 205-220.

Figures/Tables 18

Table 1. Chemical composition of wrought and powder 316 L SS.

Elements (wt%)	C	Cr	Mn	Si	P	S	Mo	Ni	N	Fe
Wrought 316L	0.03	17.5	2	1	0.045	0.03	2.5	13	0.11	Bal.
Powder 316L	0.02	16.8	1.9	0.1	0.032	0.02	2.25	12.1	0.15	Bal.

Table 2. Detailed printing parameters used in this work.

Baseplate temperature/ °C	Laser power/W	Scanning rate/mm·s ^{- 1}	Hatch distance/ μm	Powder thickness/μm
80	80/200	1083	90	25

Table 3. Chemical composition of PBS solution.

Concentration (mmol/L)	NaCl	KCl	Na₂HPO₄	KH₂PO₄	30%H₂O₂	pH
Stage 1	137	2.7	10	1.8	150	7.4
Stage 2	137	2.7	10	1.8	150	5.2
Stage 3	137	2.7	10	1.8	0	7.4

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the system. (b) Immersion tests in three consecutive stages (Stage1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 as shown in Table 3).

Fig. 2. Macrostructure of wrought, DMLS 80 W and 200 W 316 L SS.

Fig. 3. The fluctuation of corrosion potential for wrought, DMLS 80 W, and DMLS 200 W 316 L SS in different stages of simulated inflammation environments.

Fig. 4. Plots of potential dynamic curves for wrought and DMLS 316 L SS in (a) PBS with H2O2 at pH 7.4, (b) PBS with H2O2 at pH 5.2, (c) PBS without H2O2 at pH 7.4 [36], and (d) the comparison of pitting potentials for three types of 316 L SS in three typical conditions.

Fig. 5. Nyquist plots for wrought 316 L SS, DMLS 80 W 316 L SS, and DMLS 200 W 316 L SS in simulated inflammation Stage 1 for (a)1 hour and (b) 168 h, Stage 2 for (c) 1 h and (d) 168 h, Stage 3 for (e) 1 h and (f) 168 h.

Fig. 6. Electrode-equivalent circuits for 316 L SS (a) during inflammation period-Stage 1/2 and (b) after inflammation-Stage 3.

Fig. 7. The total resistance for different types of 316 L SS through simulated inflammation process.

Fig. 8. The components of the passive film formed on (a)-(c) wrought 316 L, (d)-(f) DMLS 80 W 316 L, and (g)-(i) DMLS 200 W 316 L in different stages of simulated inflammation environments.

Fig. 9. The release of Cr, Fe, Mo, and Ni from wrought and DMLS 80/200 W 316 L SS in (a) Stage 1, (b) Stage 2, and (c) Stage 3 of inflammation, and (d) the comparison of total ions release between wrought 316 L and DMLS 316 L.

Fig. 10. Plots of cyclic polarisation curves for wrought, DMLS 80 W, and DMLS 200 W 316 L SS at the end of Stage 1 (a) and Stage 2 (b).

Fig. 11. Morphology of the sample surface before and after polarisation.

Fig. 12. Morphology on the surface of DMLS 80 W 316 L SS at the static polarisation of 600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for (a) 0 s and (b) 4000 s; and the (c) average depth and (d) profilometry of the prores and pits in the period of Stage 1.

Fig. 13. Morphology on the surface of DMLS 80 W 316 L SS at the static polarisation of 600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for (a) 0 s and (b) 4000 s; and the (c) average depth and (d) 3D profilometry of the prores and pits in the period of Stage 2.

Fig. 14. Breakdown potential for wrought, DMLS 80 W, and DMLS 200 W 316 L SS under different stages of simulated inflammation environments.

Fig. 15. Pourbiax diagram of (a) Cr, (b) Fe, and (c) Ni in 316 L SS in Stage 2.

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