J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 73: 116-127.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.07.027
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yujie Cuia,*(
), Kenta Aoyagia, Huakang Biana,*(), Yuichiro Hayasakab, Akihiko Chibaa
Received:2020-06-20
Revised:2020-07-21
Accepted:2020-07-22
Published:2021-05-20
Online:2020-09-13
Contact:
Yujie Cui,Huakang Bian
About author:bianhuakang@imr.tohoku.ac.jp (H. Bian).Yujie Cui, Kenta Aoyagi, Huakang Bian, Yuichiro Hayasaka, Akihiko Chiba. Effects of the aluminum concentration on twin boundary motion in pre-strained magnesium alloys[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 73: 116-127.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the deformation processes.
Fig. 2. IPF maps of the (a-d) AZ31, (e-h) AZ61, and (i-l) AZ91 alloys compressed at engineering strains of 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, and 8 %.
| Pre-strain | Average twin width | Twin number | Twin area fraction |
|---|---|---|---|
| AZ31-Pre-2% | 3.2 ± 0.2 μm | 54 ± 4 | 5.1 ± 0.8 % |
| AZ31-Pre-4% | 4.7 ± 0.2 μm | 118 ± 4 | 32.4 ± 3.1 % |
| AZ31-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 78.3 ± 4.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-2% | 2.9 ± 0.4 μm | 55 ± 3 | 4.2 ± 1.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-4% | 4.2 ± 0.3 μm | 125 ± 5 | 31.2 ± 2.3 % |
| AZ61-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 73.4 ± 3.3 % |
| AZ91-Pre-2% | 2.6 ± 0.3 μm | 57 ± 5 | 3.5 ± 1.2 % |
| AZ91-Pre-4% | 3.8 ± 0.4 μm | 130 ± 4 | 30.5 ± 2.6 % |
| AZ91-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 69.2 ± 3.8 % |
Table 1 Summary of the effects of pre-compression and the Al concentration on the formation of twins.
| Pre-strain | Average twin width | Twin number | Twin area fraction |
|---|---|---|---|
| AZ31-Pre-2% | 3.2 ± 0.2 μm | 54 ± 4 | 5.1 ± 0.8 % |
| AZ31-Pre-4% | 4.7 ± 0.2 μm | 118 ± 4 | 32.4 ± 3.1 % |
| AZ31-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 78.3 ± 4.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-2% | 2.9 ± 0.4 μm | 55 ± 3 | 4.2 ± 1.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-4% | 4.2 ± 0.3 μm | 125 ± 5 | 31.2 ± 2.3 % |
| AZ61-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 73.4 ± 3.3 % |
| AZ91-Pre-2% | 2.6 ± 0.3 μm | 57 ± 5 | 3.5 ± 1.2 % |
| AZ91-Pre-4% | 3.8 ± 0.4 μm | 130 ± 4 | 30.5 ± 2.6 % |
| AZ91-Pre-8% | NA | NA | 69.2 ± 3.8 % |
Fig. 3. Further-compressive stress-strain diagrams of pre-strained alloys.
Fig. 4. Reverse tensile stress-strain diagrams of pre-strained alloys.
Fig. 5. Variations of yield stresses of pre-strained alloys during further (a) compression and (b) reverse tension.
Fig. 6. Variations of the UTS of pre-strained alloys with the increased pre-compression.
Fig. 7. Microstructure evolutions of pre-8% strained alloys during reverse tension. The areas in the white boxes indicate the formation of secondary twins.
Fig. 8. Variations of the macroscopic strain percentage caused by detwinning in pre-8% strained AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91 alloys during reverse tension.
Fig. 9. Enlarged IPF maps of area A in Fig. 8 in the pre-8% strained AZ91 alloy after (a) 1% and (c) 8% tension; variations of the misorientation angle along (b) line m-n in (a) and (d) line p-q in (c).
Fig. 10. Schematic figure illustrating the process of detwinning and secondary twinning.
Fig. 11. Length-fraction variations of the secondary twin boundaries in all boundaries of the (a) pre-2%, (b) pre-4%, and (c) pre-8% strained alloys during the reverse tension.
Fig. 12. Image quality maps for the pre-8% strained (a, d) AZ31, (b, e) AZ61, and (c, f) AZ91 alloys before and after 12 % reverse tension. The black lines stand for the 15-180° boundaries, the red lines denote the {10 $\bar{1}$ 2} tensile twin boundaries, the green lines stand for the 2-5° boundaries.
Fig. 13. Length-fraction variations of 2-5° boundaries in the (a) pre-2%, (b) pre-4%, and (c) pre-8% strained alloys after each reverse tension strain.
| Pre-strain | Secondary twin boundaries (length percentages) | Low-angle boundaries (length percentages) |
|---|---|---|
| AZ31-Pre-2% | 1.2 ± 0.3 % | 20.4 ± 2.9 % |
| AZ31-Pre-4% | 4.0 ± 0.5 % | 39.6 ± 2.8 % |
| AZ31-Pre-8% | 5.0 ± 0.6 % | 43.1 ± 3.0 % |
| AZ61-Pre-2% | 1.6 ± 0.4 % | 26.2 ± 1.7 % |
| AZ61-Pre-4% | 5.2 ± 0.7 % | 43.4 ± 2.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-8% | 6.2 ± 0.6 % | 49.5 ± 2.4 % |
| AZ91-Pre-2% | 2.0 ± 0.3 % | 30.6 ± 2.7 % |
| AZ91-Pre-4% | 6.1 ± 0.3 % | 48.3 ± 2.6 % |
| AZ91-Pre-8% | 7.5 ± 0.5 % | 59.2 ± 3.4 % |
Table 2 Summary of the length percentages of secondary twin boundaries and low-angle boundaries in pre-strained alloys after reverse tension to 12 %.
| Pre-strain | Secondary twin boundaries (length percentages) | Low-angle boundaries (length percentages) |
|---|---|---|
| AZ31-Pre-2% | 1.2 ± 0.3 % | 20.4 ± 2.9 % |
| AZ31-Pre-4% | 4.0 ± 0.5 % | 39.6 ± 2.8 % |
| AZ31-Pre-8% | 5.0 ± 0.6 % | 43.1 ± 3.0 % |
| AZ61-Pre-2% | 1.6 ± 0.4 % | 26.2 ± 1.7 % |
| AZ61-Pre-4% | 5.2 ± 0.7 % | 43.4 ± 2.1 % |
| AZ61-Pre-8% | 6.2 ± 0.6 % | 49.5 ± 2.4 % |
| AZ91-Pre-2% | 2.0 ± 0.3 % | 30.6 ± 2.7 % |
| AZ91-Pre-4% | 6.1 ± 0.3 % | 48.3 ± 2.6 % |
| AZ91-Pre-8% | 7.5 ± 0.5 % | 59.2 ± 3.4 % |
Fig. 14. Variations in (a) friction and (b) back stresses for the reciprocated motion of twin boundaries of pre-strained alloys.
Fig. 15. Boundary maps and Kernel average misorientation maps of (a, d) pre-2%, (b, e) pre-4%, and (c, f) pre-8% compressed AZ61 alloy.
Fig. 16. Phase diagram of Mg-xAl-0.9Zn-0.4 Mn alloy with the variation of Al concentration derived using Thermo-Calc.
Fig. 17. (a) Selected-area diffraction pattern, (b) HAADF, (c) dark field (DF)-STEM, and (d-g) corresponding EDS images of the pre-8% strained AZ31 alloy.
Fig. 18. (a) Selected-area diffraction pattern, (b) HAADF, (c) DF-STEM, and (d-g) corresponding EDS images of the pre-8% strained AZ91 alloy.
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