Mass Transport in Nanowire Synthesis: An Overview of Scalable Nanomanufacturing

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2015.01.009

Abstract

Abstract: The ability to rationally engineer the growth and nanomanufacturing of one-dimensional nanowires in high volumes has the potential to enable applications of nanoscale materials in a diverse range of fields including energy conversion and storage, catalysis, sensing, medicine, and information technology. This review provides a roadmap for the development of large-scale nanowire processing. While myriad techniques exist for bench-scale nanowire synthesis, these growth strategies typically fall within two major categories: 1) anisotropically-catalyzed growth and 2) confined, template-based growth. However, comparisons between growth methods with different mass transport pathways have led to confusion in interpreting observations, in particular Gibbs-Thomson effects. We review mass transport in nanowire synthesis techniques to unify growth models and to allow for direct comparison of observations across different methods. In addition, we discuss the applicability of nanoscale, Gibbs-Thomson effects on mass transport and provide guidelines for the development of new growth models. We explore the scalability of these complex processes with dimensionless numbers and consider the effects of pressure, temperature, and precursor material on nanowire growth.

Key words: Nanowire, Mass transport, Modeling, Scalable growth

Matthew J. Crane, Peter J. Pauzauskie. Mass Transport in Nanowire Synthesis: An Overview of Scalable Nanomanufacturing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31(6): 523-532.

Figures/Tables 6

A bulk, non-woven felt-like structure made from nanowires can exhibit quantized electronic and optical properties. Single crystal Si nanowires (d) are tangled on multiple length scales (c, b) into a flexible, conductive material (a)[123].

Precursor materials (blue spheres) are transported to the growing nanowire by three different pathways. In Pathway A, precursor materials adsorb directly to the surface of the catalyst. In Pathway B, precursor materials adsorb to the nanowire sidewalls, where adatoms diffuse to the catalyst surface. In Pathway C, precursor materials adsorb to the substrate, where adatoms diffuse along the surface to the nanowire sidewalls and catalyst. Transport processes are driven by surface concentration gradients. The numbered mechanism shows the vapor-liquid-solid growth method. Step 1 of this process is represented by Pathway A, B, and C. After being transported to the catalyst, precursor molecules adsorb, step 2, and diffuse through the liquid, alloyed catalyst droplet, step 3. Upon reaching the surface, atomic precursors crystallize and are incorporated at the NW tip, step 4.

A template-based approach to NW growth. Initially, a porous template defines NW growth (white grid), which is driven by concentration gradients at the nanowire growth front. The template can then be used to create devices or removed to generate a solution of NWs.

Field emission-scanning electron microscopy images taken at the same magnification, showing diameter-dependence of the growth velocity induced by the Gibbs-Thomson effect[28]. Ge NWs were grown from Au catalysts with a range of different sizes via a VLS mechanism for 15 min at 276 °

C. (a) Comparison of Ge NWs synthesized from randomly-dispersed Au colloids. The angle-corrected scale bar on the left is 1.41 um, and red numbers at the top of each image show NW diameter. (b) Comparison of NWs grown form lithographically-defined Au catalyst. The dashed red line is a guide to illustrate change in NW length with catalyst size, and the scale bar is 3 um. (c) Demonstration of chemical control of nanowire Ge NW superstructures by adding GeH3CH3 (MG) during VLS growth with GeH3 precursor in a H2 atmosphere. The addition of MG causes NWs to kink and grow in a <

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