Shock compression and spallation damage of high-entropy alloy Al0.1CoCrFeNi

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.056

Abstract

Abstract:

Shock compression and spallation damage of a face-center cubic phase high-entropy alloy (HEA) Al_0.1CoCrFeNi were investigated via plate impact experiments along with free surface velocity measurements. Postmortem samples were characterized with transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The Hugoniot equation of state and spall strength at different impact strengths were determined. There exists a power-law relation between spall strength and strain rate. The spall strength of Al_0.1CoCrFeNi HEA is about 50% higher than those of previously studied HEAs and comparable to those widely applied structural stainless steels at the same shock stress. Dislocation glide and stacking faults are the important deformation mechanisms in the Al_0.1CoCrFeNi HEA. Nanotwins are only observed at high shock stress. Damage in the Al_0.1CoCrFeNi HEA is ductile in nature. Voids are nucleated preferentially in grain interiors, and the intragranular voids show a strong dependence on grain boundary misorientation and peak stress.

Key words: Al_0.1CoCrFeNi, High-entropy alloy, Hugoniot, Spall damage, Microstructure

Zhang N.B., Xu J., Feng Z.D., Sun Y.F., Huang J.Y., Zhao X.J., Yao X.H., Chen S., Lu L., Luo S.N.. Shock compression and spallation damage of high-entropy alloy Al_0.1CoCrFeNi[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 128: 1-9.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1. XRD and EBSD characterizations of the as-cast Al0.1CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. (a) XRD diffraction curve showing the FCC structure. (b) Inverse pole figure (IPF) map.

Fig. 2. Schematic setup for (a) Hugoniot equation of state experiments and (b) spallation-recovery experiments. 1: polycarbonate sabot; 2: flyer plate; 3: magnet induction system; 4: driver; 5: Al0.1CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy sample; 6: sample holder; 7: optical fibers connected to a LDV; 8: recess for release waves; 9: lens; 10: momentum trap ring; 11: thin turning mirror; 12: soft materials.

Table 1. Summary of experimental parameters and results for the Hugoniot equation of state experiments. ds: sample thickness; uimp: impact velocity; up1: elastic shock particle velocity; us1: elastic shock wave velocity; σHEL: the Hugoniot elastic limit stress; up2: plastic shock particle velocity; us2: plastic shock velocity; σH: peak shock stress. Numbers in parentheses denote uncertainties in the last 1 or 2 digits.

Shot	d_s	u_imp	u_p1	u_s1	σ_HEL	u_p2	u_s2	σ_H
No.	(mm)	(km s⁻¹)	(km s⁻¹)	(km s⁻¹)	(GPa)	(km s⁻¹)	(km s⁻¹)	(GPa)
EOS-1	3.049(2)	0.313(1)	0.013(1)	6.221(8)	0.631(6)	0.152(1)	4.787(8)	5.977(12)
EOS-2	3.040(2)	0.408(1)	0.013(1)	6.126(7)	0.639(6)	0.199(1)	4.850(8)	7.881(16)
EOS-3	3.045(2)	0.501(1)	0.012(1)	6.143(7)	0.598(6)	0.245(1)	4.950(9)	9.859(20)
EOS-4	3.046(2)	0.616(1)	0.012(1)	6.117(7)	0.596(6)	0.302(1)	5.020(9)	12.303(25)
EOS-5	3.053(2)	0.714(1)	0.013(1)	6.124(7)	0.619(6)	0.351(1)	5.100(9)	14.495(29)
EOS-6	3.042(2)	0.806(1)	0.016(1)	6.016(7)	0.770(8)	0.398(1)	5.128(9)	16.524(33)
EOS-7	3.051(2)	0.929(1)	0.016(1)	6.137(7)	0.796(8)	0.458(1)	5.271(10)	19.499(39)

Fig. 3. Shock velocity versus particle velocity plot (us-up) for the Al0.1CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. The solid and dashed lines denote linear fitting to the experimental data and the calculation with the mixture method, respectively. CB is the bulk sound velocity at ambient condition.

Fig. 4. Free surface velocity histories, ufs(t), for spallation-recovery experiments. Numbers on the curves denote impact velocities uimp in m s?1.

Table 2. Summary of experimental parameters and results for the spallation-recovery experiments. df: flyer plate thickness; ds: sample thickness; uimp: impact velocity; σH: peak shock stress; $\dot{\varepsilon }$: tensile strain rate; σsp: spall strength; ar: re-acceleration.

Shot	d_f	d_s	u_imp	σ_H	$\dot{\varepsilon }$	σ_sp	a_r
No.	(mm)	(mm)	(m s⁻¹)	(GPa)	(10⁵ s⁻¹)	(GPa)	(10⁵ s⁻²)
Spall-1	1.000	1.980	208	4.094	0.940	3.256	-
Spall-2	1.000	1.986	307	6.056	1.554	3.635	8.897
Spall-3	1.003	1.980	410	8.162	1.735	3.534	6.287
Spall-4	0.997	1.987	511	10.294	2.025	3.735	5.207
Spall-5	0.990	2.008	612	12.487	2.470	3.844	19.983
Spall-6	1.006	1.998	762	15.845	2.774	4.040	17.440

Fig. 5. Spall strength σsp as a function of tensile strain rate $\dot{\varepsilon }$ for Al0.1CoCrFeNi.

Fig. 6. Spall strength comparison between the Al0.1CoCrFeNi HEA (this work) and other HEAs and common structural materials. HRQ: hot-rolling quenched Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 HEA (Ref. [38]); CRQ: cold-rolling quenched Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 HEA (Ref. [38]); FeCrMnNi HEA (Ref. [40]); 316L: stainless steel (Ref. [59]); 2169: stainless steel (Ref. [60]); 304: stainless steel (Ref. [61]).

Fig. 7. TEM bright-field images of the postmortem samples for (a-c) uimp = 307 m s?1, (d-f) 511 m s?1, and (g-i) 762 m s?1. Insets: the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns or the fast Fourier transform image (zone axis [110]). Subscripts M and T represent the matrix and twins, respectively.

Fig. 8. EBSD characterization of a typical spallation region for shot Spall-1. (a) IPF map, (b) corresponding KAM map.

Fig. 9. EBSD characterization of two representative spallation regions for shot Spall-2. (a) and (c) IPF maps, and (b) and (d) corresponding KAM maps. Shock direction: top to bottom.

Fig. 10. Statistical analysis of voids for shots Spall-1 (uimp = 208 m s?1) and Spall-2 (uimp = 307 m s?1). (a) Distributions of the normalized distance from a void center to its nearest GB. (b) Histograms of average equivalent void diameter as a function of normalized distance. Inter and intra refer to intergranular and intragranular voids, respectively.

Fig. 11. (a) Distributions of the original GBs and the GBs related to intragranular voids. (b) Distribution of the fraction of the GBs with intragranular voids among all the GBs with misorientation angle θ.

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