J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 127: 29-47.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.047
• Review Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Nihan Chena,c, Chunlin Hea,b,c,d,*(
), Siping Panga,d,*()
Received:2022-01-18
Revised:2022-02-26
Accepted:2022-02-27
Published:2022-11-10
Online:2022-11-10
Contact:
Chunlin He,Siping Pang
About author:pangsp@bit.edu.cn (S. Pang)Nihan Chen, Chunlin He, Siping Pang. Additive manufacturing of energetic materials: Tailoring energetic performance via printing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 127: 29-47.
| Method | Related Energetic Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ink Jetting | Mostly nanothermites | Ability of dealing with high concentration solutions | The poor coordination of reliable droplet placement Limited to high voltage insensitive materials |
| Stereolithography (SLA) | Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | High printing resolution Ability of prinitng Complex geometry | Unavailable for dark colored particles Photocurable resins may degrade the performance |
| Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) | Limited nanothermites | No additional solvent is required Ability of priniting solid primitive materials | Poor consistency of the prints Irregular distribution of voids Low solid containing proportion |
| Direct Ink Writing (DIW) | Mostly nanothermites Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | Reduced probability of clogging nozzles | High shrinkage during the curing process Environmentally unfriendly use of solvent |
| Electrospray Deposition (ESD) | Mostly nanothermites Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | Higher dispersibility and processability of metal particles Ability of fabricating core-shell structure | Limited to electrostatic insensitive energetic materials |
Table 1. Comparison of relevant methods for prinitng energetic materials.
| Method | Related Energetic Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ink Jetting | Mostly nanothermites | Ability of dealing with high concentration solutions | The poor coordination of reliable droplet placement Limited to high voltage insensitive materials |
| Stereolithography (SLA) | Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | High printing resolution Ability of prinitng Complex geometry | Unavailable for dark colored particles Photocurable resins may degrade the performance |
| Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) | Limited nanothermites | No additional solvent is required Ability of priniting solid primitive materials | Poor consistency of the prints Irregular distribution of voids Low solid containing proportion |
| Direct Ink Writing (DIW) | Mostly nanothermites Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | Reduced probability of clogging nozzles | High shrinkage during the curing process Environmentally unfriendly use of solvent |
| Electrospray Deposition (ESD) | Mostly nanothermites Mostly monomolecular CHNO compounds | Higher dispersibility and processability of metal particles Ability of fabricating core-shell structure | Limited to electrostatic insensitive energetic materials |
Fig. 1. (a) Droplet formation of piezoelectric nozzles. (b) Schematic illustration of ink jetting mechanism. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2017, AIP publishing [48].
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the SLA mechanism. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2020, ELSEVIER publishing [61].
Fig. 3. (a) Design pattern of printing RDX samples by SLA. (b) Photograph of printed samples. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2020, ELSEVIER publishing [61].
Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the FDM technique. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2021, ELSEVIER publishing [34].
Fig. 5. (a) Graphical representation of the FDM manufacturing process. (b) Printing the PVDF/PMMA/nAl composites. (c) The completed sample side view. (d) The completed print sample side view. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry publishing [73].
| Empty Cell | PVDF | Viton A | THV |
|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight | 534,000 | - | - |
| Density (g cm−3) | ∼1.78 | >1.8 | 1.9-2.0 |
| Melting point (°C) | 177 | - | - |
| Fluorine (wt.%) | 59.4 | 66 | 73 |
| Hydrogen (wt.%) | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
| Carbon (wt.%) | 37.5 | 32.1 | 26.4 |
Table 2. Physiochemical properties of the three polymers.
| Empty Cell | PVDF | Viton A | THV |
|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight | 534,000 | - | - |
| Density (g cm−3) | ∼1.78 | >1.8 | 1.9-2.0 |
| Melting point (°C) | 177 | - | - |
| Fluorine (wt.%) | 59.4 | 66 | 73 |
| Hydrogen (wt.%) | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
| Carbon (wt.%) | 37.5 | 32.1 | 26.4 |
Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of DIW. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2016, RSC publishing [84].
Fig. 7. (a) 3-D printing process. (b, c) CAD models. (d, e) 3-D printed composite propellant grains. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2018, ARC publishing [106].
Fig. 8. (a) Longitudinal deposition of multilayer samples analyzed through XCT. (b) Transverse deposition of multilayer samples analyzed through XCT. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier publishing [108]. (c) Micro-CT cross-section of HTPB binder strand that was 3D printed without UV. (d) Micro-CT cross-section of UV-curable HTPB strand that was 3D printed with UV. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2019, ELSEVIER publishing [29].
Fig. 9. (a-d) The printed 3D CL-20 structures. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2019, Springer publishing [112].
Fig. 10. (a) Schematic illustration of ESD mechanism. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2020, ELSEVIER publishing [30]. (b) Schematic illustration double-nozzle systems. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2018, ELSEVIER publishing [140].
Fig. 11. Schematic illustration of the possible reaction mechanism of Al/NC/AP composites. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2017, ELSEVIER publishing [142].
Fig. 12. The main reaction process of the core-shell structure. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2019, ELSEVIER publishing [169].
Fig. 13. Viton and hollow microsphere structures obtained via the coaxial needle of the ESD method. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2020, ELSEVIER publishing [170].
Fig. 14. The combustion mechanism of Al/PVDF/SiO2. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2018, WILEY publishing [81].
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