Entire onion source-derived redox porous carbon electrodes towards efficient quasi-solid-state solar charged hybrid supercapacitor

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.022

Abstract

Abstract:

Biomass-derived electrodes inherently containing redox-active species have gained extensive attention recently due to their availability, eco-friendliness, sustainability, and low cost. We report novel binder-free faradic surface redox onion-derived carbon positive electrode with nano regime particles by hydrothermal synthesis and Na⁺ and Cl^- ions diffused porous carbon negative electrode via a carbonization method. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxidized sulfur and (N-6) pyridinic N-based redox groups inherently present in the as-prepared compounds. The electrochemical analysis of the positive electrode revealed its faradic redox type of energy storage mechanism with an excellent specific capacitance of 1805 F g^-1 at the current density of 3 A g^-1 as well as appreciable long-term cycling stability (76.8% retention after 10000 charge-discharge cycles). Meanwhile, the negative electrode exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 373 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 with outstanding long-term cycling stability (100.7% retention after 10000 cycles). The fabricated polyvinyl alcohol-potassium hydroxide gel electrolyte-based quasi-solid-state hybrid supercapacitor (QHSC) delivered excellent energy density and power density of 19.94 Wh kg^-1 and 374.99 W kg^-1, respectively with an ultralong cyclic life (102.3% retention) over 10000 cycles. Furthermore, the QHSC was connected to a solar panel to store renewable energy. Solar charged QHSC effectively powered a speedometer, enlightening its potential application in advanced sustainable energy storage systems.

Key words: Binder-free, Biomass, Green source, Hybrid supercapacitor, Solar energy storage, Faradic redox type

Edugulla Girija Shankar, Amit Kumar Das, Jae Su Yu. Entire onion source-derived redox porous carbon electrodes towards efficient quasi-solid-state solar charged hybrid supercapacitor[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 125: 118-127.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration for the fabrication of the SROC-x and TOGC biomass-derived from onion.

Fig. 2. Surface morphological studies of the prepared SROC-x compounds. FE-SEM images at different magnifications of (a-c) SROC-140, (d-f) SROC-160, and (g-i) SROC-180. TEM images of the SROC-160 at (j) low and (k) high magnifications. (l) SAED pattern and (m) EDX spectrum of the SROC-160. The inset of (m) shows the (i) layered image and (ii-vi) elemental mapping images.

Fig. 3. (a) XRD patterns of all the SROC-x compounds. XPS analysis of the SROC-160: Core-level spectra of (b) N 1s, (c) C 1s (d) O 1s, (e) P 2p, and (f) S 2p.

Fig. 4. (a) Comparative CV curves at a constant scan rate of 10 mV s-1 of the SROC-x electrodes and (b) CV curves at different scan rates for the SROC-160 electrode. (c) Comparative GCD curves at a constant current density of 3 A g-1 and (d) specific capacitance values at a constant current density of 3 A g-1 for the SROC-x electrodes. (e) GCD curves at different current densities of the SROC-160. (f) Comparative specific capacitance values at individual current densities and (g) comparative EIS plots for the SROC-x electrodes. (h) Logarithm relationship of anodic and cathodic peak current density vs. scan rate for the SROC-160 electrode. (i) Current contribution percentage of the SROC-160 electrode. (j) Cycling stability and (k) EIS plots before and after the cycling test for the SROC-160 electrode. (l) Schematic representation of the available surface functional groups for electrochemical redox reactions.

Table 1. Comparative electrochemical properties of our electrode material with recently reported biomass-derived supercapacitor electrode materials.

Biomass-derived carbons	Electrolyte concentration	Specific capacitance (F g^-1)	Reference
Bamboo fiber	1 M H₂SO₄	328	[31]
Banana stem	6 M KOH	479.2	[32]
N-activated carbon	6 M KOH	427	[33]
Humic acids	6 M KOH	209	[34]
Pigskin	6 M KOH	287.1	[35]
Populus girinensis	6 M KOH	508	[36]
Pine pollen	6 M KOH	419.6	[37]
Perilla frutescens	6 M KOH	270	[38]
Onion	6 M KOH	127	[39]
Onion	6 M KOH	423	[40]
Onion	1 M Na₂SO₄	478	[41]
Onion	6 mol/L KOH	133.5	[42]
SROC-160	1 M KOH	1805	Present work

Fig. 5. QHSC device performance: (a) Schematic of QHSC device, (b) CV curves of the SROC-160 and TOGC electrodes, (c) CV curves measured at different potential windows of 1-1.5 V under the scan rate of 60 mV s-1, (d) CV curves at different scan rates, (e) GCD curves at different current densities, (f) specific capacitance values at individual current densities, (g) Ragone plot, (h) EIS plots before and after the cycling test, (i) cycling stability, and (j) QHSC device working mechanism.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the self-powered energy storage unit with QHSC device connect to solar energy harvesting system and (b) schematic illustration of the integration of the QHSC-based self-charging unit to bicycle. Real-life application: Photographic images of (c, d) charging process of the QHSC device using solar panel under natural sunlight and operating process of speedometer, (e, f) motor fan in off and on conditions, and (g, h) blowing green and blue LEDs.

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