Recent progress in emerging BiPO4-based photocatalysts: Synthesis, properties, modification strategies, and photocatalytic applications

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.053

Abstract

Abstract:

In this perspective, we have highlighted the current literature and explained the synthesis, structure, morphology, modification strategies, and photocatalytic applications of emerging BiPO₄-based photocatalysts. Since BiPO₄ is a large bandgap photocatalyst, it uses UV light for the excitation of electrons, and also, the recombination of charge carriers is an issue in BiPO₄. Various novel modification strategies of BiPO₄ photocatalysts viz. defect modifications, heterojunction formation, phase-junctions, surface plasmon resonance, Schottky junction have been successfully proposed and highlighted. These modifications enhance the light absorption and inhibit the recombination of charge carriers BiPO₄ photocatalyst. Finally, future aspects for further research on BiPO₄-based photocatalysts are also explored. It expects that BiPO₄-based photocatalysts represent a promising strategy for developing practical photocatalysts for energy and environmental remediation applications.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Modification strategies, Environmental remediation, BiPO₄ photocatalyst

Rohit Kumar, Pankaj Raizada, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Van-Huy Nguyen, Quyet Van Le, Suresh Ghotekar, Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian, Vimal Gandhi, Archana Singh, Pardeep Singh. Recent progress in emerging BiPO₄-based photocatalysts: Synthesis, properties, modification strategies, and photocatalytic applications[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 108: 208-225.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Classifications of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055350312156) [5].

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of photocatalysis. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055350491484) [3] (b) Graphical representation of selected articles for literature review from 2010 to 2021 (data collected from Scopus), using the keyword “BiPO4 + photocatalyst”.

Fig. 3. (a) Three different crystal phases of BiPO4 photocatalyst. SEM images of crystal phases of BiPO4 photocatalyst prepared by the hydrothermal method: (b) HBPO (c) nMBPO and (d) mMBPO. Reprinted with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry (Order License ID 1115537-1) [54]. SEM images of BiPO4 photocatalyst synthesized by the solvothermal method: (e) H-BPO, (f) M/H-BPO, and (g) M-BPO. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5056611084560) [57].

Fig. 4. (a) Energy band dispersion and (b) density of states of BPO based on DFT calculations. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5058741121464) [58].

Fig. 5. SEM images of different morphologies of BPO: (a) fibers, reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2014 [66], (b) nano-cocoons, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055310520973) [63], (c) sheet-like, reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry (Order license ID 1115542-1) [68] (d) Flower-like microspheres, reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry (Order license ID 1114132-1) [64] (e) Urchin-like, reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2008 [70], (f) Nanorods, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055331356753) [65], (g) nano-wires, reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2007 [67], (h) needle-like, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055341122652) [39] and (i) dendrites, reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry (Order license ID 1114128-1) [71].

Table. 1. Comparison of efficiencies of some of the morphologies of BiPO4 for the degradation of different pollutants.

Morphology	Pollutant	Light	Photocatalyst/ pollutant dose	Efficiency	Refs.
Flower like	Rhodamine B	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 100 mL/ 5 mg/L	94% in 60 min	[64]
Nanocubes	Rhodamine B	Visible light (420 nm)	100 mg in 100 mL/ 5 mg/L	∼70% in 120 min	[62]
Nano particles	Methyl Orange	Sun light	100 mg in 100 mL/ 10 mg/L	∼100% in 80 min	[39]
Six branch dendrites	Methylene Blue	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 200 mL/ 8 mg/L	72.8% in 40 min	[71]
Snowflake dendrites	Methylene Blue	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 200 mL/ 8 mg/L	45.9% in 40 min	[71]
Cubes	Methylene Blue	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 200 mL/ 8 mg/L	35.1% in 40 min	[71]

Table. 2. Photocatalytic activity of BiPO4 against different pollutants.

Pollutant	Light	Photocatalyst/ pollutant dose	Efficiency	Refs.
Carbamazepine	Ultraviolet	200 mg in 200 mL/ 5 mg/L	72.4% in 60 min	[31]
Phenol	Ultraviolet	50 mg in 100 mL/ 5 mg/L	∼100% in 90 min	[47]
Rhodamine B	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 100 mL/ 5 × 10⁶ M	∼79% in 4 h	[77]
Methylene Blue	Ultraviolet	50 mg in 50 mL/ 10 ppm	72.4% in 60 min	[38]
Methyl Orange	Ultraviolet	100 mg in 100 mL/ 10 mg/L	∼100% in 80 min	[39]
Benzene	Ultraviolet	200/ 250 ppm, 30 mL/min	100% in 100 min	[58]

Fig. 6. (a) Illustrative mechanism of degradation of phenol by BPO, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055350542618) [47] (b) Representation of various defects in a photocatalyst lattice, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055350078927) [83] and (c) & (d) formation of oxygen vacancy state near the valance band of photocatalyst, reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry (Order license ID 1114143-1) [90]. (e) Comparison of ESR spectra of BPO prepared at 140 ?C by solvothermal method (S-BPO) and BPO prepared after calcination at 140 ?C (C-BPO), reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry (Order license ID 1114138-1) [91]. (f) schematic illustration of comparison of bulk BPO with carbon-doped BPO, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055341090322) [97].

Fig. 7. (a) Illustration of bending of bands near the junction formed between the two p & n-type semiconductor photocatalysts, reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons (Order No. 501649523) [99]. (b), (c) and (d) Representation of three different types of heterojunction formed between two semiconductor photocatalysts, (e) Illustrative representation of charge transfer mechanism of type-II heterojunction, and (f) Z-scheme heterojunction, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055340726810) [3].

Fig. 8. (a) Illustrative representation of charge migration on BiOBr/BiPO4 photocatalyst. (b) PL intensities of pure BPO and BiOBr/BiPO4 composite prepared with different mole percentages of BiOBr. (c) Comparison of EIS spectra of BiPO4, BiOBr and 50% BiOBr/BiPO4. (d) EIS spectra of BiOBr/BiPO4 under dark and in light. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055340584287) [101].

Fig. 9. (a) EIS spectra of BiPO4 and GCN/BPO photocatalyst, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055340392219) [102]. (b) The illustrative representation of Z-scheme with shuttle redox mediator, reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons (License No. 5055340110609) [110]. (c) The schematic representation of charge transfers and crystal structure of BWO/BPO, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055331376383) [114]. (d) The illustrative mechanism of charge transfers and Cr(VI) degradation via binary BiPO4/Bi2S3 photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5120740453509) [103].

Fig. 10. (a) Proposed mechanism of z-scheme BiPO4/BiOCl0.9I0.1 photocatalyst, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055331225110) [115]. (b) Possible reaction mechanism and charge transfer mechanism in Au-Pd-BPO, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055331078645) [118]. (c) Proposed mechanism for NO degradation over BPO photocatalyst, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5058170418905) [123]. (d) & (e) Comparison of junctions and mechanism of charge transfer is SPR and Schottky junction, reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055330841227) [124].

Fig. 11. Comparison of degradation efficiency (a) and (c) and reaction kinetics (b) and (d) of TC-BPO & BPO. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5058171305613) [125].

Fig. 12. (a) Crystal composition of BPO at different temperatures. (b) Rate constants of BPO to varying temperatures for the degradation of MB. Charge migration mechanism of (c) HBPO-nMBPO and (d) nMBPO-mMBPO phase junction. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier (License No. 5055330459474) [126].

Table. 3. Comparison of photocatalytic activity of different BiPO4 modification engineering strategies.

Photocatalyst	Engineering strategy	Improvement in properties	Target pollutant	Photocatalyst/pollutant concentration	Light source	Efficiency	Refs.
BiPO₄	Facets engineering (002)	More saturated atoms to adsorb pollutants, increased redox ability	Methylene blue	100 mg/100 mL of 8 mg L^-1	Visible Light	72.8% in 40 minutes	[71]
BiPO₄	Oxygen vacancies	Enhanced photocurrent, altered bandgap & enhanced light absorption, enhanced charge separation	Methylene blue	25 mg/ 50 mL of 10^-5 M	UV light	∼65% in 50 minutes	[89]
C-doped BiPO₄	Non-metal doping	Enhanced charge separation, upshift the top of valance band, enhanced light absorption	4-Chlorophenol	30 mg/ 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	82.7% in 120 minutes	[97]
Yb³⁺ doped BiPO₄	Metal doping	Improved charge separation, downshift the conduction band minima, enhanced light absorption	Rhodamine B	0.05 mg/ 50 mL of 5 mg L^-1	Sun light	94.6% in 120 minutes	[98]
BiPO₄/BiWO₆	Binary heterojunction	Enhanced charge separation, increased charge transfer	Rhodamine B	50 mg/ 50 mL of 10 mg L^-1	Visible light	92% in 100 minutes	[136]
BiVO₄/BiPO₄/graphene oxide	Ternary heterojunction	Improved adsorption of pollutants, enhance charge separation, good charge transfer	Reactive blue-19	30 mg / 50 mL of 80 mg L^-1	Visible light	99% in 60 minutes	[104]
Ag/Ag₂O/BiPO₄/BiMoO₆	Quaternary heterojunction	More enhance charge separation and charge transfer	Rhodamine B	0.05 g / 50 mL of 5 mg L^-1	Solar light	55% in 25 minutes	[105]
BiPO₄/BiOCl_0.9I_0.1	Z-scheme	Enhanced redox ability, improved charge mobility and charge separation	Phenol	0.08 g / 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	Sun light	88% in 10 minutes	[115]
BiPO₄/Au-Pd	Surface plasmon resonance	Promoted charge separation, more catalytically active sites, improved light harvesting	Trichloroethylene	0.01 g / 100 mL of 500 ppm	Visible light	∼100% in 40 minutes	[118]
Ti₃C₂/BiPO₄	Schottky junction	Promoted photoproduced hole extraction, separation of photogenrated electron hole pairs, inhibited Photocorrosion, increased photostability	Rhodamine B	100 mg / 50 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	∼100% in 20 minutes	[125]
nMBPO/mMBPO	Phase junction	Increased photocurrent, good separation charge carriers	Methylene blue	25 mg / 50 mL of 3 × 10^-5 mol L^-1	UV light	∼100% in 40 minutes	[126]
N-doped carbon quantum dots/BiPO₄	Surface modification	Reduced recombination, photoluminescence upconversion	Ciprofloxacin	30 mg / 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	87.5% in 120 minutes	[133]

Table. 3. Comparison of photocatalytic activity of different BiPO4 modification engineering strategies.

Photocatalyst	Engineering strategy	Improvement in properties	Target pollutant	Photocatalyst/pollutant concentration	Light source	Efficiency	Refs.
BiPO₄	Facets engineering (002)	More saturated atoms to adsorb pollutants, increased redox ability	Methylene blue	100 mg/100 mL of 8 mg L^-1	Visible Light	72.8% in 40 minutes	[71]
BiPO₄	Oxygen vacancies	Enhanced photocurrent, altered bandgap & enhanced light absorption, enhanced charge separation	Methylene blue	25 mg/ 50 mL of 10^-5 M	UV light	∼65% in 50 minutes	[89]
C-doped BiPO₄	Non-metal doping	Enhanced charge separation, upshift the top of valance band, enhanced light absorption	4-Chlorophenol	30 mg/ 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	82.7% in 120 minutes	[97]
Yb³⁺ doped BiPO₄	Metal doping	Improved charge separation, downshift the conduction band minima, enhanced light absorption	Rhodamine B	0.05 mg/ 50 mL of 5 mg L^-1	Sun light	94.6% in 120 minutes	[98]
BiPO₄/BiWO₆	Binary heterojunction	Enhanced charge separation, increased charge transfer	Rhodamine B	50 mg/ 50 mL of 10 mg L^-1	Visible light	92% in 100 minutes	[136]
BiVO₄/BiPO₄/graphene oxide	Ternary heterojunction	Improved adsorption of pollutants, enhance charge separation, good charge transfer	Reactive blue-19	30 mg / 50 mL of 80 mg L^-1	Visible light	99% in 60 minutes	[104]
Ag/Ag₂O/BiPO₄/BiMoO₆	Quaternary heterojunction	More enhance charge separation and charge transfer	Rhodamine B	0.05 g / 50 mL of 5 mg L^-1	Solar light	55% in 25 minutes	[105]
BiPO₄/BiOCl_0.9I_0.1	Z-scheme	Enhanced redox ability, improved charge mobility and charge separation	Phenol	0.08 g / 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	Sun light	88% in 10 minutes	[115]
BiPO₄/Au-Pd	Surface plasmon resonance	Promoted charge separation, more catalytically active sites, improved light harvesting	Trichloroethylene	0.01 g / 100 mL of 500 ppm	Visible light	∼100% in 40 minutes	[118]
Ti₃C₂/BiPO₄	Schottky junction	Promoted photoproduced hole extraction, separation of photogenrated electron hole pairs, inhibited Photocorrosion, increased photostability	Rhodamine B	100 mg / 50 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	∼100% in 20 minutes	[125]
nMBPO/mMBPO	Phase junction	Increased photocurrent, good separation charge carriers	Methylene blue	25 mg / 50 mL of 3 × 10^-5 mol L^-1	UV light	∼100% in 40 minutes	[126]
N-doped carbon quantum dots/BiPO₄	Surface modification	Reduced recombination, photoluminescence upconversion	Ciprofloxacin	30 mg / 100 mL of 10 mg L^-1	UV light	87.5% in 120 minutes	[133]

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Recent progress in emerging BiPO₄-based photocatalysts: Synthesis, properties, modification strategies, and photocatalytic applications

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