Recent progress on selenium-based cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries: A mini review

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have received increasing interest because of the prominent advantages, including high security, low cost, and high energy density. The development of rechargeable magnesium batteries is hindered by the sluggish Mg2+ ion diffusion kinetics, which makes the exploration of high-performance cathode materials a problem. Recently researchers have exploited various selenium-based cathodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Herein, we have critically reviewed these advancements, studying different types of reaction mechanisms and analyzing the electrochemical performance of cathode materials in rechargeable magnesium batteries. Besides, as key materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, the exploit and optimization of electrolytes are discussed as well, including the selection of reagents, the effect of Li salts, and the compatibility between electrodes and electrolytes. Finally, promising directions are proposed for future rechargeable magnesium batteries based on selenium-based cathode materials.

Key words: Rechargeable magnesium batteries, Selenium-based cathode materials, Reaction mechanism, Electrolytes, Electrochemical performance

Di Wu, Wen Ren, Yanna NuLi, Jun Yang, Jiulin Wang. Recent progress on selenium-based cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries: A mini review[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 91: 168-177.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. (a) The theoretical capacity of graphite, Li, and Mg anodes. (b) The element abundance in the crust [3].

Fig. 2. (a) Proposed Se phase evolution during the electrochemical reaction. (b) Proposed phase transformation of the Se/CMK-3 electrode during discharge/charge. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [57]. (c) The reaction during the heating process and the possible molecular structure of selenized polyacrylonitrile composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Cycling performance (d) and rate performance (e) of the Se/PAN material prepared at 450 °C for 10 h with 8:1 wt ratio of Se and PAN in 0.4 mol L-1 (PhMgCl)2-AlCl3+1.0 mol L-1 LiCl/THF electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21].

Fig. 3. (a) The schematic figure for the displacement of Cu ions in β-Cu2Se with Mg ions to MgSe. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. (b) Crystal structure of Cu2-xSe with cubic phase. SEM images of S-Cu2-xSe (c) and C—Cu2-xSe (d). (e) The diagram of the formation mechanism for S-Cu2-xSe and C—Cu2-xSe. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [81].

Fig. 4. (a) cycling performance of the CuSe nano-particles electrode at 50 mA g-1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. Low-magnification FESEM (b) and high-magnification FESEM (c) images of CuSe NCs. (d) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the nanosheet-assembled hierarchical hollow CuSe nanocubes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. (e) Schematic drawing of the preparation process for CueSe@MC composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84].

Fig. 5. The TEM images (a), HRTEM image (b), and the fully discharged state image (c) of the CuSe nano-particles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82] The ex-situ XRD patterns of β-Cu2Se electrode (d) and the CuSe NCs electrode (e) at different charge-discharge states. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [78, 83].

Fig. 6. (a) Working mechanisms of the Se-Cu electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. The in-situ XRD patterns and the corresponding voltage profiles (b) of the Cu3Se2 electrode during the initial charge-discharge processes and the corresponding contour plot (c, d) during the initial cycles. The in-situ XRD patterns and the corresponding voltage profiles (e) of the Cu3Se2 electrode after conditioning processes and the corresponding contour plot (f, g) after the conditioned cycles. (h) The cycling performance of the copper selenide electrode (after condition process) at a current density of 100 mA g-1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [86].

Fig. 7. (a) The cycling performance at C/8 rate in 0.25 mol L-1 Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2/THF electrolyte of various MgxMo6S8-ySey (x, y = 0, 1, 2) electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. (b) Schematic drawing of the preparation process for WSe2 nanowire-assembled film. (c) Cycling performance of WSe2 nanowire-based electrode and WSe2 bulk electrode at 50 mA g-1 in 0.25 mol L-1 Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2/THF. (d) Cycling performance of WSe2 nanowire-based electrodes at 1500 and 3000 mA g-1 in 0.25 mol L-1 Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2/THF. SEM images of the WSe2-electrode (e) before and (f) after 80 cycles. (g-i) The structure model of the layer-structured WSe2 intercalated with Mg (Mg0.67WSe2). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [101].

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