Effects of carbon on electrochemical performance of red phosphorus (P) and carbon composite as anode for sodium ion batteries

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.034

Abstract

Abstract:

Red phosphorus/graphite (P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube (P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites compared with that of the reference sample milled with Super-P carbon. After 70 cycles, the P/G and P/CNT composites remained 771.6 and 431.7 mA h g ^-1, with 68 % and 50 % capacity retention, respectively. With increasing the milling time (20 h), CNTs were cut into short pieces and then broken into carbon rings and sheets which were well mixed with red phosphorus. The morphology of the P/CNT composite can buffer the large volume changes from alloying and de-alloying during cycling, resulting in the enhanced cycling stability.

Key words: Carbon coating, Red phosphorus, Anode materials, Sodium ion batteries

Zhi-Jia Zhang, Wei-Jie Li, Shu-Lei Chou, Chao Han, Hua-Kun Liu, Shi-Xue Dou. Effects of carbon on electrochemical performance of red phosphorus (P) and carbon composite as anode for sodium ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 68: 140-146.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of P/G (a) and P/CNT (b) composites.

Fig. 2. SEM image with corresponding EDS mapping of P/G composite (a) and P/CNT composite (b); TEM image of P/G composite (c) and P/CNT composite (d).

Fig. 3. Electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites: (a) charge-discharge curves in the first 2 cycles; (b) dQ/dV curves; (c) electrochemical impedance spectrum of P/CNT compared with that of P/G electrode charged at 0.55 V after 5 cycles, with the inset showing the equivalent circuit used to analyze the data; (d) cycling performances of P/G and P/CNT composites compared with P/Super-P composite in the electrolyte without FEC additive.

Fig. 4. Cycling performances of P/G and P/CNT composites in the electrolyte containing FEC additive.

Fig. 5. Morphologies of the P/CNT composites after ball milling for 1 h (a), 3 h (b), 6 h (c), 10 h (d), 15 h (e), and 20 h (f).

Fig. 6. XRD patterns (a) and Raman spectra (b) of the as-prepared amorphous P/CNT composites after different ball-milling times.

Fig. 7. Electrochemical performance of the P/CNT composites with different milling times: (a) charge-discharge curves, (b) differential capacity vs. cell potential curves of the P/CNT composites milled for 1 h, 10 h, and 20 h in the first cycle.

Fig. 8. Cycling performance of the P/CNT composites milled for 1 h, 10 h, and 20 h.

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