Sulfur-doped g-C3N4/g-C3N4 isotype step-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H2 evolution

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.018

Abstract

Abstract:

The rational fabrication of an efficient heterojunction is critical to the enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) evolution performance. Herein, a new-fashioned graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) based isotype step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction composed of sulfur-doped and sulfur-free active sites is developed by liquid sulfur-mediation of exfoliated g-C₃N₄. Particularly, the liquid sulfur not only contributes to the full contact between sulfur species and exfoliated g-C₃N₄, but also creates sulfur-doping and abundant pores, since self-gas foaming effect of sulfur vapor. Moreover, the S-doped and S-free active sites located in the structural unit of C₃N₄ jointly construct a typical sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype step-scheme heterojunction, which endows highly efficient photocatalytic reaction process. Therefore, the optimal sample possesses remarkable photocatalytic H₂ evolution activity (5548.1 μmol g^-1 h^-1) and robust durability. Most importantly, the investigation will open up a new path for the exploration of other carbon-based isotype S-scheme heterojunctions.

Key words: Liquid sulfur, S-doping, g-C₃N₄, Isotype S-scheme heterojunction, Photocatalytic H₂ evolution

Jizhou Jiang, Zhiguo Xiong, Haitao Wang, Guodong Liao, Saishuai Bai, Jing Zou, Pingxiu Wu, Peng Zhang, Xin Li. Sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype step-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H₂ evolution[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 118: 15-24.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration for the fabrication of S-g-C3N4-E.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of g-C3N4, g-C3N4-E, S@g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E.

Fig. 3. (a, b) HRTEM, (c) FESEM images of S-g-C3N4-E and the corresponding EDX elemental mapping images of (d) C, (e) N and (f) S.

Fig. 4. (a) XPS survey spectra of g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E, as well as the corresponding high-resolution XPS spectra of (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s and (d) S 2p.

Fig. 5. (a) N2 sorption isotherms, BET specific surface areas, total pore volumes and (b) the corresponding pore size distributions of g-C3N4, g-C3N4-E, S@g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E.

Fig. 6. (a) Photocatalytic H2 evolution activities of g-C3N4, g-C3N4-E, S@g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E. (b) AQE (red dots) of S-g-C3N4-E. (c) Photocatalytic reusability of S-g-C3N4-E. (d) Photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of S-g-C3N4-E at different wavelengths.

Table 1. The comparisons of photocatalytic H2 evolution activities between S-g-C3N4-E and other S-doped C3N4-based metal-free photocatalysts previously reported.

Photocatalysts	Loading (mg)	Co-catalyst	Visible light source	H₂ Evolution (μmol g^-1 h^-1)	Refs.
S-g-C₃N₄-E	20	3 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	5548.1	This work
PCNS	15	2 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	880.2	[40]
SCN1.0	50	3 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	141.9	[44]
MTCN-6	40	1 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	1511.2	[45]
SCCN0.1	50	1 wt% Pt	150 W Xe lamp	1262.5	[20]
0.3S-CN	10	1 wt% Pt	500 W Xe lamp	952	[46]
3SCN-10PCN	20	—	300 W Xe lamp	4765	[47]
PSCN	20	3 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	1969	[48]
PCN-S-3	100	1 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	318	[49]
CNBS	20	1 wt% Pt	150 W Xe lamp	2660	[50]
SPCN0.1	50	3 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	4200.3	[51]
SCND-3	50	3 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	1404	[52]
g-CN-TM1	10	0.5 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	4430	[53]
PCNS-2	15	—	300 W Xe lamp	350	[54]
S-g-C₃N₄	40	—	300 W Xe lamp	4730	[55]
SS-CN	50	1 wt% Pt	300 W Xe lamp	982.33	[56]

Fig. 7. (a) UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectra, (b) transient photocurrent responses and (c) EIS plots of g-C3N4, g-C3N4-E, S@g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E.

Fig. 8. (a) Photoluminescence spectra and (b) the corresponding transient fluorescence decay spectra of g-C3N4, g-C3N4-E, S@g-C3N4-E and S-g-C3N4-E.

Fig. 9. The structural configuration, band edge bending, internal electric field and the charge transfer mechanism of isotype S-scheme heterojunction.

References 66

[1]	Z. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Shen, S. Liu, Y. Zhang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 (2018) 2298-2321. DOI URL
[2]	A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Nature 238 (1972) 37-38. DOI URL
[3]	G. Liao, Y. Gong, L. Zhang, H. Gao, G.-J. Yang, Energy Environ. Sci. 12 (2019) 2080-2147. DOI URL
[4]	Z. Liang, R. Shen, Y.H. Ng, P. Zhang, Q. Xiang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 56 (2020) 89-121. DOI URL
[5]	R. Shen, D. Ren, Y. Ding, Y. Guan, Y.H. Ng, P. Zhang, X. Li, Sci. China Mater. 63 (2020) 2153-2188. DOI URL
[6]	H. Jiang, Z. Xing, T. Zhao, Z. Yang, K. Wang, Z. Li, S. Yang, L. Xie, W. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 274 (2020) 118947. DOI URL
[7]	Y. Wu, B. Tian, G. Lu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 280 (2021) 119410. DOI URL
[8]	T. Su, Z.D. Hood, M. Naguib, L. Bai, S. Luo, C.M. Rouleau, I.N. Ivanov, H. Ji, Z. Qin, Z. Wu, Nanoscale 11 (2019) 8138-8149. DOI URL
[9]	M. Han, L. Hu, Y. Zhou, S. Zhao, L. Bai, Y. Sun, H. Huang, Y. Liu, Z. Kang, Catal. Sci. Technol. 8 (2018) 840-846. DOI URL
[10]	Z. Jiang, Q. Chen, Q. Zheng, R. Shen, P. Zhang, X. Li, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 37 (2021) 2010059.
[11]	R. Shen, Y. Ding, S. Li, P. Zhang, Q. Xiang, Y.H. Ng, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 42 (2021) 25-36. DOI URL
[12]	D. Ren, R. Shen, Z. Jiang, X. Lu, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 41 (2020) 31-40. DOI URL
[13]	F. Yi, H. Gan, H. Jin, W. Zhao, K. Zhang, H. Jin, H. Zhang, Y. Qian, J. Ma, Sep. Purif. Technol. 233 (2020) 115997. DOI URL
[14]	C.Q. Xu, W.D. Zhang, K. Deguchi, S. Ohki, T. Shimizu, R. Ma, T. Sasaki, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 13299-13310. DOI URL
[15]	P. Xia, S. Cao, B. Zhu, M. Liu, M. Shi, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 (2020) 5218-5225. DOI URL
[16]	Y. Jiang, Z. Sun, C. Tang, Y. Zhou, L. Zeng, L. Huang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 240 (2019) 30-38. DOI URL
[17]	J. Huang, D. Li, R. Li, Q. Zhang, T. Chen, H. Liu, Y. Liu, W. Lv, G. Liu, Chem. Eng. J. 374 (2019) 242-253. DOI URL
[18]	Y. Li, M. Zhou, B. Cheng, Y. Shao, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 56 (2020) 1-17. DOI URL
[19]	J. Huang, H. Wang, H. Yu, Q. Zhang, Y. Cao, F. Peng, ChemSusChem 13 (2020) 5041-5049. DOI URL
[20]	X. Zhang, H. Tian, Y. Bu, ACS Sustain, Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 7346-7354. DOI URL
[21]	J. Ran, T.Y. Ma, G. Gao, X.W. Du, S.Z. Qiao, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 3708-3717. DOI URL
[22]	H.-B. Fang, X.H. Zhang, J. Wu, N. Li, Y.Z. Zheng, X. Tao, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 225 (2018) 397-405. DOI URL
[23]	J. Zou, Y. Yu, W. Yan, J. Meng, S. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. 54 (2019) 6867-6881. DOI URL
[24]	L. Chen, D. Zhu, J. Li, X. Wang, J. Zhu, P.S. Francis, Y. Zheng, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 273 (2020) 119050. DOI URL
[25]	J. Zou, D. Mao, N. Li, J. Jiang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 506 (2020) 144672. DOI URL
[26]	J. Fu, Q. Xu, J. Low, C. Jiang, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 243 (2019) 556-565. DOI URL
[27]	B. Zhang, H. Shi, Y. Yan, C. Liu, X. Hu, E. Liu, J. Fan, Colloids Surf. A Physic-ochem. Eng. Asp. 608 (2021) 125598.
[28]	Y. Chen, Q. Wang, H. Huang, J. Kou, C. Lu, Z. Xu, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 46 (2021) 32514-32522. DOI URL
[29]	T. Song, C. Xie, K. Matras-Postolek, P. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. C 125 (2021) 19382-19393. DOI URL
[30]	Y. Wang, X. Hao, L. Zhang, Z. Jin, T. Zhao, Catal. Sci. Technol. 11 (2021) 943-955. DOI URL
[31]	B. Li, B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, W. Huang, C. Yu, J. Sun, S. Dong, J. Feng, J. Sun, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 46 (2021) 32413-32424. DOI URL
[32]	Y. Bai, Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, J. Wang, F. Wang, C. Chen, C. Li, R. Li, C. Li, ACS Catal. 9 (2019) 3242-3252. DOI
[33]	X. Li, D. Chen, N. Li, Q. Xu, H. Li, J. He, J. Lu, ACS Sustain, Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 11063-11070. DOI URL
[34]	P. Xia, B. Cheng, J. Jiang, H. Tang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 487 (2019) 335-342. DOI URL
[35]	X. He, S. Bai, J. Jiang, W.-J. Ong, J. Peng, Z. Xiong, G. Liao, J. Zou, N. Li, Chem. Eng. J. Adv. 8 (2021) 100175. DOI URL
[36]	J. Zou, W. Deng, J. Jiang, X.He Arramel, N. Li, J. Fang, J.-P. Hsu, Electrochim. Acta 354 (2020) 136658. DOI URL
[37]	Y. Sun, J. Jiang, Y. Liu, S. Wu, J. Zou, Appl. Surf. Sci. 430 (2018) 362-370. DOI URL
[38]	J. Zou, S. Wu, Y. Liu, Y. Sun, Y. Cao, J.P. Hsu, A.T. Shen Wee, J. Jiang, Carbon 130 (2018) 652-663. DOI URL
[39]	F. Raziq, M. Humayun, A. Ali, T. Wang, A. Khan, Q. Fu, W. Luo, H. Zeng, Z. Zheng, B. Khan, H. Shen, X. Zu, S. Li, L. Qiao, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 237 (2018) 1082-1090. DOI URL
[40]	J. Bai, P. Zhou, P. Xu, Y. Deng, Q. Zhou, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 4043-4048. DOI URL
[41]	J. Wu, N. Li, X.-H. Zhang, H.B. Fang, Y.Z. Zheng, X. Tao, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 226 (2018) 61-70. DOI URL
[42]	J. Jiang, N. Li, J. Zou, X. Zhou, G. Eda, Q. Zhang, H. Zhang, L.-J. Li, T. Zhai, A.T.S. Wee, Chem. Soc. Rev. 48 (2019) 4639-4654. DOI URL
[43]	C. Prasad, H. Tang, Q. Liu, I. Bahadur, S. Karlapudi, Y. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrog. En-ergy 45 (2020) 337-379.
[44]	T. Fei, C. Qin, Y. Zhang, G. Dong, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 46 (2021) 20481-20491. DOI URL
[45]	H. Wang, Y. Bian, J. Hu, L. Dai, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 238 (2018) 592-598. DOI URL
[46]	D. Long, L. Wang, H. Cai, X. Rao, Y. Zhang, Catal. Lett. 150 (2020) 2487-2496. DOI URL
[47]	H. Qin, W. Lv, J. Bai, Y. Zhou, Y. Wen, Q. He, J. Tang, L. Wang, Q. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. 54 (2019) 4811-4820. DOI URL
[48]	P. Zhou, X. Meng, L. Li, T. Sun, J. Alloy. Compd. 827 (2020) 154259. DOI URL
[49]	Q. Lin, Z. Li, T. Lin, B. Li, X. Liao, H. Yu, C. Yu, Chinese J. Chem. Eng. 28 (2020) 2677-2688. DOI URL
[50]	P. Babu, S. Mohanty, B. Naik, K. Parida, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2018) 5936-5947. DOI URL
[51]	Y. Jiao, M. Liu, J. Qin, Y. Li, J. Wang, Z. He, Z. Li, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 608 (2022) 1432-1440. DOI URL
[52]	J. Li, X. Liu, C. Liu, H. Che, C. Li, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 117 (2020) 93-102. DOI URL
[53]	L. Niu, J. Du, X. Tian, D. Jiang, L. Gu, Y. Yuan, Mater. Lett. 300 (2021) 130120. DOI URL
[54]	Y. Zhou, W. Lv, B. Zhu, F. Tong, J. Pan, J. Bai, Q. Zhou, H. Qin, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7 (2019) 5801-5807. DOI
[55]	Y. Zhao, J. Liu, C. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Li, H. Jin, J. Power Sources 424 (2019) 176-183. DOI URL
[56]	C. Feng, L. Tang, Y. Deng, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Ouyang, H. Yang, J. Yu, J. Wang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 281 (2021) 119539. DOI URL
[57]	Q. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, S. Wageh, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, M. Jaroniec, Mater. Today 21 (2018) 1042-1063. DOI URL
[58]	X. Fei, H. Tan, B. Cheng, B. Zhu, L. Zhang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 37 (2021) 2010027.
[59]	X. Ke, J. Zhang, K. Dai, K. Fan, C. Liang, Sol. RRL 5 (2021) 2000805. DOI URL
[60]	X. Li, J. Liu, Huang. J, C. He, Z. Feng, Z. Chen, F. Deng, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 37 (2021) 2010030.
[61]	Y. Huang, F. Mei, J. Zhang, K. Dai, G. Dawson, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 38 (2022) 2108028.
[62]	S. Wageh, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, R. Jafer, X. Li, P. Zhang, Chin. J. Catal. 42 (2021) 667-669. DOI URL
[63]	L. Liu, T. Hu, K. Dai, J. Zhang, C. Liang, Chin. J. Catal. 42 (2021) 46-55. DOI URL
[64]	Z. Wang, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Yu, J. Fan, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 56 (2020) 143-150. DOI URL
[65]	F. Xu, K. Meng, B. Cheng, S. Wang, J. Xu, J. Yu, Nat. Commun. 11 (2020) 4613. DOI URL
[66]	Q. Xu, L. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Yu, Chem 6 (2020) 1543-1559. DOI URL

Sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype step-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H₂ evolution

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References 66

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Yiqian Lv, Yueqing Zheng, Honglin Zhu, Yinghao Wu. Designing a dual-functional material with barrier anti-corrosion and photocatalytic antifouling properties using g-C₃N₄ nanosheet with ZnO nanoring [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 106(0): 56-69.
[2]	Thi Kim Anh Nguyen, Thanh-Truc Pham, Bolormaa Gendensuren, Eun-Suok Oh, Eun Woo Shin. Defect engineering of water-dispersible g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts by chemical oxidative etching of bulk g-C₃N₄ prepared in different calcination atmospheres [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 103(0): 232-243.
[3]	Wanying Lei, Tong Zhou, Xin Pang, Shixiang Xue, Quanlong Xu. Low-dimensional MXenes as noble metal-free co-catalyst for solar-to-fuel production: Progress and prospects [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 114(0): 143-164.
[4]	Yabin Jiang, Lei Zeng, Chi Cao, Wensheng Yang, Limin Huang. Accumulation of localized charge on the surface of polymeric carbon nitride boosts the photocatalytic activity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 9-16.
[5]	Xi. Rao, L. Du, J.J. Zhao, X.D. Tan, Y.X. Fang, L.Q. Xu, Y.P. Zhang. Hybrid TiO₂/AgNPs/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite coatings on TC4 titanium alloy for enhanced synergistic antibacterial effect under full spectrum light [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 118(0): 35-43.
[6]	Muhammad Tahir, Beenish Tahir. Constructing S-scheme 2D/0D g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ NPs/MPs heterojunction with 2D-Ti₃AlC₂ MAX cocatalyst for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CO/CH₄ in fixed-bed and monolith photoreactors [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 106(0): 195-210.
[7]	Xiangchen Kong, Huiming Huang, Zhaoyang Li, Yanqin Liang, Zhenguo Li, Shengli Zhu. Facile synthesis of defected TiO_2-_x (B) nanosheet/graphene oxide hybrids with high photocatalytic H₂ activity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 80(0): 171-178.
[8]	Chang Feng, Zhuoyuan Chen, Jiangping Jing, Mengmeng Sun, Jing Tian, Guiying Lu, Li Ma, Xiangbo Li, Jian Hou. Significantly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of g-C₃N₄/CNTs/CdZnS with carbon nanotubes as the electron mediators [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 80(0): 75-83.
[9]	Hengming Huang, Kan Hu, Chen Xue, Zhiliang Wang, Zhenggang Fang, Ling Zhou, Menglong Sun, Zhongzi Xu, Jiahui Kou, Lianzhou Wang, Chunhua Lu. Metal-free π-conjugated hybrid g-C₃N₄ with tunable band structure for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 87(0): 207-215.
[10]	Yuanyuan Liu, Yanmei Zheng, Weijie Zhang, Zhengbin Peng, Hang Xie, YiXuan Wang, Xinli Guo, Ming Zhang, Rui Li, Ying Huang. Template-free preparation of non-metal (B, P, S) doped g-C₃N₄ tubes with enhanced photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 95(0): 127-135.
[11]	Zheng Zhang, Yuyang Kang, Li-Chang Yin, Ping Niu, Chao Zhen, Runze Chen, Xiangdong Kang, Fayu Wu, Gang Liu. Constructing CdSe QDs modified porous g-C₃N₄ heterostructures for visible light photocatalytic hydrogen production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 95(0): 167-171.
[12]	Linlin Zhang, Wenxing Peng, YaKun Li, Rui Qin, Dong Yue, Chengjun Ge, Jianjun Liao. Constructing built-in electric field in graphitic carbon nitride hollow nanospheres by co-doping and modified in-situ Ni₂P for broad spectrum photocatalytic activity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 90(0): 143-149.
[13]	Dong-Eun Lee, Satyanarayana Moru, Wan-Kuen Jo, Surendar Tonda. Porous g-C₃N₄-encapsulated TiO₂ hollow sphere as a high-performance Z-scheme hybrid for solar-induced photocatalytic abatement of environmentally toxic pharmaceuticals [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 82(0): 21-32.
[14]	Jing Xu, Zhouping Wang, Yongfa Zhu. Highly efficient visible photocatalytic disinfection and degradation performances of microtubular nanoporous g-C₃N₄ via hierarchical construction and defects engineering [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 49(0): 133-143.
[15]	Zhiliang Jin, Lijun Zhang. Performance of Ni-Cu bimetallic co-catalyst g-C₃N₄ nanosheets for improving hydrogen evolution [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 49(0): 144-156.