Dual-functional bacterial cellulose modified with phase-transitioned proteins and gold nanorods combining antifouling and photothermal bactericidal properties

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.10.011

Abstract

Abstract:

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one of the most versatile natural biopolymers with unique physical, chemical, and biological features. However, the lack of intrinsic antibacterial property of native BC limits its broad biomedical applications where such property is highly required to prevent contamination or infection caused by attached bacteria. In this work, we developed a simple and facile method to fabricate a dual-functional BC membrane by physical incorporation of gold nanorods (GNRs) followed by deposition of a phase-transitioned bovine serum albumin (PTB) film. Due to the broad-spectrum antifouling property of the PTB film, the resulting membrane could prevent the adhesion and accumulation of bacteria. A few bacteria that broke through the protection of the PTB film could be eradicated under short-term irradiation of a near-infrared laser due to the excellent photothermal property of incorporated GNRs. The whole fabrication was conducted in a simple and environmentally friendly manner, avoiding complicated processes and toxic organic solvents. Moreover, because all the components were biocompatible, the resulting membrane showed negligible cytotoxicity in vitro and good histocompatibility in vivo. This work thus provided a reliable way to endow BC with antibacterial property, being beneficial for diverse biomedical applications.

Key words: Bacterial cellulose, Gold nanorods, Phase-transitioned proteins Antifouling, Antibacterial, Photothermal therapy

Luohuizi Li, Guize Li, Yong Wu, Yuancheng Lin, Yangcui Qu, Yan Wu, Kunyan Lu, Yi Zou, Hong Chen, Qian Yu, Yanxia Zhang. Dual-functional bacterial cellulose modified with phase-transitioned proteins and gold nanorods combining antifouling and photothermal bactericidal properties[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 110: 14-23.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. (a) Representative TEM image of GNRs. (b) Size distribution of GNRs. (c) UV-vis spectrum of GNRs. (d) Temperature change of solution containing GNRs with different concentrations under NIR irradiation (0.5 W/cm2).

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of procedure to prepare a dual-functional BGP membrane.

Fig. 2. (a-d) Representative SEM images of (a) BC, (b) BG, (c) BP, and (d) BGP membranes (the higher magnification images are shown in the insets and GNRs are pseudo-colored yellow). (e) Elemental composition and surface wettability of sample membranes. (f, g) High-resolution XPS spectra of (f) Au 4f and (g) N 1s of sample membranes. (h) ATR-FTIR spectra of sample membranes.

Fig. 3. (a-d) Representative fluorescence images of adsorbed FITC-BSA on (a) BC, (b) BG, (c) BP and (d) BGP membranes. The corresponding fluorescence intensity was shown in (e). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3, ***p < 0.001).

Fig. 4. (a) Representative fluorescence images of E. coli (DH5α-pBADDs) attached to the surfaces of BC and BGP membranes after incubation in bacterial solution for 3 h and 24 h, respectively. The corresponding bacterial density was shown in (b). (c) Representative fluorescence images of L929 cells attached to the surfaces of BC and BGP membranes after culture for 4 h and 24 h, respectively (living cells were stained with Calcein-AM showing green fluorescence). The corresponding cell density was shown in (d). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3, ***p < 0.001).

Fig. 5. (a) Surface temperature changes of sample membranes under NIR irradiation. The corresponding IR thermal images were shown right. (b) Surface temperature change of the BGP membrane during five ON/OFF cycles of NIR irradiation. The sample membranes were immersed in PBS during NIR irradiation (0.5 W/cm2).

Fig. 6. (a, b) Representative SEM images of a single (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus attached to the sample membranes with or without NIR irradiation (0.5 W/cm2, 5 min) (red arrows: broken area of bacterial membrane). (c, d) Numbers of formed colonies of (c) E. coli and (d) S. aureus for the sample membranes with or without NIR irradiation (0.5 W/cm2, 5 min). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). # indicates negligible formed colonies.

Fig. 7. (a) Representative fluorescence images of L929 fibroblasts attached to the surface of control (cell culture plate), BC and BGP membranes after culture for 48 h. (b) Proliferation of L929 fibroblasts on the surface of sample membranes after culture for different periods. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig. 8. (a) Representative photographs of wounds treated with a gauze and a BGP membrane with NIR irradiation (0.5 W/cm2, 5 min) at different time points. The corresponding relative wound area at different time points is shown in (b). (c) Representative H&E staining of the tissues harvested from the wound areas of rats in different groups on day 1 and day 12 post-treatment (blue arrows: neutrophils, red arrows: vessels, yellow arrows: hair follicles).

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