Starch-based adhesive hydrogel with gel-point viscoelastic behavior and its application in wound sealing and hemostasis

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.071

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogels with tissue adhesiveness have demonstrated great promise for wearable electronics, artificial skin, soft robotics, and tissue repair. Nevertheless, adhesive hydrogels that are capable of sealing and hemostasis of wound with severe hemorrhage still lack. For this purpose, a series of ionically crosslinked starch hydrogels were developed here. The viscoelastic properties and tissue adhesiveness of the starch hydrogels were investigated. It is shown that the starch and cross linkers had significant influence on the viscoelastic properties of the starch hydrogels, which further resulted in varied tissue adhesiveness. Among the starch gels, there was one exhibiting a unique and stable “Gel Point” viscoelastic characteristic and it was named as gel-point adhesive hydrogel (GPAH). GPAH showed electrical conductivity, high tissue adhesiveness, high stretch-ability, self-healing capability, injectability, and degradability. The GPAH also exhibited high cytocompatibility, low hemolysis risk, and strong antibacterial effect. The wound sealing and hemostatic performance of GPAH was further evaluated by a rat femoral artery injury model. The blood loss after the sealing of GPAH (2.4 ± 1.3 g) was significantly decreased compared to the group using gauze for sealing (6.3 ± 1.5 g). Meanwhile, GPAH did not cause pathological changes of the soft tissues surrounding the wound. The above results indicate that GPAH, with high tissue adhesiveness, suitable viscoelastic property, strong antibacterial capacity, as well as electro-conductivity, bears great potential for the applications in smart wound management.

Key words: Adhesive, Gel-point, Hydrogel, Antibacterial, Hemostasis, Starch

Yuxuan Mao, Peng Li, Jiewei Yin, Yanjie Bai, Huan Zhou, Xiao Lin, Huilin Yang, Lei Yang. Starch-based adhesive hydrogel with gel-point viscoelastic behavior and its application in wound sealing and hemostasis[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 63: 228-235.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of preparation procedure of starch hydrogels. (b) FTIR spectrum and (c) TEM images of various starch hydrogels. Scale bars: white 1 μm and black (inset) 200 nm.

Fig. 2. (a) Dependence of G’, G’’ and the G’’/G’ ratio of various starch gels on the frequency of oscillation. (b) Stress-displacement curves of adhesiveness test according to a modified method from ASTM standard C907-17. Inset, schematic of the pull-off adhesion test. (c) Material/porcine skin interfacial adhesion strengths. **P < 0.01, compared with GPAH group. (d) Material/porcine skin interfacial toughness. *P < 0.05, compared with GPAH group. (e) The photographs of GPAH adhered onto biological tissues.

Fig. 3. (a) Dependence of G’, G” and the G”/G’ ratio of GPAH on the frequency of oscillation, tested at various temperatures. (b) Stress-strain curves of the GPAH under two different strain rates. (c) Rheology analyses of GPAH deformation and recovery. Storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of GPAH evolving over time from low 1% to high 100 % and back to low 1 % strain oscillations at 6.28 rad/s. (d) Photograph showing the injectable ability of GPAH.

Fig. 4. (a) O. D. values of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts (left) and HUVECs (right) groups when cultured with the GPAH extracts or cell culture media for 2 d. (b) Fluorescence micrographs of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts after being cultured on a layer of gel with thickness of 50 μm for various time points. (c) Hemolysis rate of GPAH extracts. (d) Photographs of survival S. aureus and E. coli bacterial clones on agar plates after contacting with GPAH. (e) Antibacterial rate of GPAH to S. aureus and E.coli.

Fig. 5. (a) Photographs of the in vivo hemostasis test: (i) creating the injury of femoral artery; (ii) injecting GPAH into the bleeding wound; (iii) complete sealing of the wound with GPAH. (b) Blood loss within first 10 s and after application of GPAH or gauze, **P < 0.01, compared with gauze group. (c) H&E staining of the muscle tissue at the wound that treated with GPAH or gauze. The tissues were retrieved 3 d after surgery. Scale bar in (c): 200 μm.

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