Flame-retardant vinyl ester resins enabled by phosphorus-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts with different phosphorus oxidation states

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2024.04.005

Abstract

Abstract: Different reactive flame retardants have been extensively developed for vinyl ester resins (VERs), but very few of them can yield a flame-retardant resin that meets defined standards (e.g. UL-94 V-0 rating). In this work, phosphorous-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts (called VIDHP and VIDPP) were synthesized through the facile neutralization of the acid and 1-vinylimidazole. VIDHP and VIDPP were then applied as flame-retardant crosslinking agents of VERs, by which phosphorus-containing groups could be incorporated into the resin chain via ionic bonds. VIDHP/VER and VIDPP/VER showed a high curing activity and can be well cured in moderate temperatures. With 20 wt.% additions of VIDHP and VIDPP, VIDHP20/VER, and VIDPP20/VER presented a limiting oxygen index value of 29.7 % and 28.4 %, respectively, with the latter achieving a UL 94 V0 rating. In the cone calorimetric test, compared to the unmodified VERs, VIDPP20/VER exhibited large reductions in the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, and total smoke release rate while VIDHP20/VER demonstrated comparatively inferior performance in terms of the heat release. VIDHP20/VER and VIDPP20/VER showed good thermal stability and presented a little lower glass transition temperature than the control sample. VIDPP with a low phosphorus oxidation state (+1) demonstrated high flame-retardant activities in the gaseous phase, whereas VIDHP with a high phosphorus oxidation state (+5) primarily exhibited efficacy in the condensed phase.

Key words: Flame retardancy, Vinyl ester resin, Phosphorous oxidation state, Flame-retardant mechanism

Yuan-Yuan Yin, Yuan-Zheng Zhao, Xiao-Wei Jia, Feng-Qi Zhang, Ying-Jun Xu, Yu-Zhong Wang. Flame-retardant vinyl ester resins enabled by phosphorus-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts with different phosphorus oxidation states[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 205: 79-88.

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