Dual bulk and interface engineering with ionic liquid for enhanced performance of ambient-processed inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.001

Abstract

Abstract:

All-inorganic cesium lead iodide (CsPbI₃) perovskites with superior thermal stability are attractive candidates for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Fabricating such inorganic PSCs in the ambient atmosphere is desirable for practical production, however, the challenge remains in inhibiting the phase transition of CsPbI₃ in ambient air. Herein, we demonstrate a dual bulk and interface engineering using ionic liquid to stabilize CsPbI₃ perovskite structure, thus enhancing the performance of ambient-processed inverted CsPbI₃ PSCs. Such dual bulk and interface engineering is found effective not only in suppressing the bulk and interfacial charge carrier recombination and enhancing charge carrier transport and extraction, but also in protecting CsPbI₃ crystal structure by leaving hydrophobic alkyl chains coverage at the boundary and surface to prevent phase transition caused by moisture from ambient air. The optimized device fully processed in the open air with relative humidity up to 55% exhibits remarkably enhanced efficiency and stability over the control device, with the efficiency increasing from 8.6% to 13.21%, and 92% efficiency maintaining after storage for 1680 h, which outperforms the control device with only 82% retaining after 648 h storage. We thus believe this work can provide an efficient alternative for the low-cost fabrication of ambient-processible PSCs.

Key words: CsPbI₃, Ionic liquid, Bulk and interface, Ambient-processed, Inverted solar cells

Kun Wang, Zeyuan Su, Yali Chen, Heng Qi, Ting Wang, Hao Wang, Youqian Zhang, Li Cao, Qian Ye, Fobao Huang, Yu Tong, Hongqiang Wang. Dual bulk and interface engineering with ionic liquid for enhanced performance of ambient-processed inverted CsPbI₃ perovskite solar cells[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 114: 165-171.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the bulk and interface modification process via an ionic liquid of BMIMPF6 as both processing additive and post-treatment agent in ambient air.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns (* represents the peak from ITO). (b) SEM images and (c) contact angels of the control and optimized perovskite films.

Fig. 3. Photographs of control and optimized CsPbI3 films stored in ambient air (RH: 35%-38%, Temperature: 22-23 °C) for different times.

Fig. 4. (a, b) UV-vis absorption spectra and Tauc plots of the control and optimized CsPbI3 films. (c) Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra of the control and optimized CsPbI3 films. (d) Dark I-V curves of the electron-only devices based on the control and optimized CsPbI3 films. According to the slope of the curve, three regions can be identified: Ohmic region, trap-filled limited region (TFL) and SCLC region (Child).

Fig. 5. (a) Configuration of the perovskite solar cells. (b) Illustration of interface modification via depositing an ionic liquid layer between CsPbI3 and PCBM, and schematic representation of energy level alignment induced by the interfacial dipole. (c) J-V plots of the champion devices based on control and optimized perovskites measured under simulated AM 1.5 G solar illumination of 100 mW cm-2. (d) Efficiency histogram of the control and the optimized CsPbI3 PSCs from 20 independent devices. (e) Open-circuit voltage and (f) short circuit current density versus light intensity of the control and optimized photovoltaic devices.

Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters (Voc, Jsc, FF and PCE) of control and optimized devices with champion efficiency.

Samples	V_oc (V)	J_sc (mA cm^-2)	FF (%)	PCE (%)
w/o	0.92	13.81	67.87	8.64 (7.29±0.78)
w-bulk	0.91	17.17	70.13	10.92 (9.38±0.87)
w-inter	0.94	15.57	71.43	10.43 (9.27±0.75)
w-dual	0.95	19.39	71.57	13.21 (12.36±0.46)

Fig. 6. (a) Long-term stability of the control and optimized CsPbI3 PSC devices. (b) Steady-state outputs of the optimized PSC at the maximum power point measured with continuous illumination.

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Dual bulk and interface engineering with ionic liquid for enhanced performance of ambient-processed inverted CsPbI₃ perovskite solar cells

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