Inhomogeneous dealloying kinetics along grain boundaries during liquid metal dealloying

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.07.023

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, the inhomogeneous dealloying phenomenon during the liquid metal dealloying (LMD) was investigated using Fe₅₀Ni₅₀+Mg and (FeCo)₅₀Ni₅₀+Mg systems. For the Fe₅₀Ni₅₀+Mg system, the inhomogeneous dealloying and wetting of Mg melt occurred along triple junction (TJ) and grain boundary (GB). Temperature increase enhances the inhomogeneous dealloying kinetics and leads to the formation of the plate-shaped abnormal ligaments at the GB region. The energy banlance between a GB energy (γ_GB) and solid-liquid interface energies (γ_sl) is the key factor governing the inhomogeneous dealloying and wetting. Particularly, the low-energy twin boundaries were unaffected by the inhomogeneous dealloying. Therefore, precursor microstructure is an important factor determining the final morphology of dealloyed material as well as its physical properties. In the case of the (FeCo)₅₀Ni₅₀ precursor, all TJ and GB were stable against the preferred penetration of Mg melt from 600 °C to 800 °C. It was concluded that a minor addition of alloying elements (V or Cr) changes GB characteristics as well as γ_sl of the precursor alloy. Consequently, this significantly influences dealloying mechanisms and final morphology of the dealloyed material. The current findings demonstrate the importance of GB engineering in the precursor materials for the technological application of liquid metal dealloying for the synthesis of advanced structural and functional materials.

Key words: Liquid metal dealloying, Inhomogeneous dealloying, Dealloying mechanism, Abnormal ligament, Porous material

S.-H. Joo, Y.B. Jeong, T. Wada, I.V. Okulov, H. Kato. Inhomogeneous dealloying kinetics along grain boundaries during liquid metal dealloying[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 106: 41-48.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. FE-SEM images of LMD reaction layer processed at various temperatures for 6 min. (a-c) the Fe50Ni50+Mg and (d-f) (FeCo)50Ni50+Mg LMD systems at (a, d) 600 °C, (b, e) 700 °C, and (c, f) 800 °C. All precursor alloys are used in the annealed state after cold-rolling. The dealloying direction indicated by a white arrow in (a) represents for other images.

Fig. 2. Abnormal ligament formation of the Fe50Ni50+Mg system at 700 °C in the arc melted precursor. (a) the inhomogeneous dealloying at GB, (b) wavy wetting of the Mg melt along with a GB, (c) characteristics of abnormal ligament and normal ligament formation in a grain interior, (d) IPF of an abnormal ligament, and (e) corresponding misorientation angle distribution map.

Fig. 3. EDS mapping results at 700 °C. Mg distribution map of (a) the annealed precursor and (b) the arc-melted precursor. (c) Fe and (d) Ni distribution maps of correspondence to (b). The dealloying direction indicated by a white arrow in (b) represents for (c) and (d) images as well.

Table 1. Chemical composition (at.%) of the remaining precursor region, the abnormal ligaments, and the normal ligaments in Fig. 3(b)-(d).

	Remaining precursor	Abnormal ligaments	Normal ligaments
Fe	51.09	91.21	95.12
Ni	46.19	6.77	3.07
Mg	0.73	2.02	1.98

Fig. 4. Ligaments morphology after the post chemical etching process of the Fe50Ni50+Mg system immersed at 700 °C. (a) the inhomogeneous dealloying along with GB, (b) the structure of abnormal ligaments, and (c) the fast dissolution kinetics at TJ and the local dealloying direction change indicated by yellow arrows. The dealloying direction indicated by a white arrow in (a) represents for other images.

Fig. 5. EBSD results obtained from the annealed precursor immersed at 700 °C for 1 min. (a) FE-SEM image, and IPF maps of (b) the precursor fcc phase and (c) bcc ligament phase.

Fig. 6. EBSD results obtained from the annealed precursor after 18 min at 700 °C. (a) the precursor fcc phase and (b) bcc ligament phase.

Fig. 7. Chemical composition analysis of the annealed precursor at 800 °C immersed for 6 min. (a) FE-SEM image, and corresponding EPMA mapping results of (b) Fe, (c) Ni, and (d) Mg. The white arrow in (a) stand for the global dealloying direction from the precursor's surface into its interior along ND. On the other hand, white arrows in (b) represent altered local dealloying directions at the grain interior. (e) Line profile analysis in a prior fcc grain region along a green arrow. A yellow dashed rectangle represents an abnormal ligament, and a white arrow shows a local dealloying direction. Blue, purple, and green line profiles correspond to Fe, Mg, and Ni, respectively.

Fig. 8. (a) Dealloying reaction layer of the (FeCo)50Ni50+Mg LMD using various precursors. Fractured 3DNP morphology synthesized from (b) the annealed and (c) cold-rolled precursors after the post etching process. (d) the reaction layer and (e) fractured 3DNP morphology of the cold-rolled (Fe49Co49V2)50Ni50 immersed at 700 °C into the Mg melt. (f) fractured 3DNP morphology of the annealed (Fe80Cr20)50Ni50 immersed at 700 °C, and (g) the detailed image of an abnormal ligament. ND is parallel to the dealloying reaction.

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