J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 1323-1333.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.01.003
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Liying Hanab, Cunshan Wanga*(
), Zhengwei Lic
Received:2018-10-22
Revised:2018-12-15
Accepted:2018-12-20
Online:2019-07-20
Published:2019-06-20
Contact:
Wang Cunshan
About author:1These authors contributed equally.
Liying Han, Cunshan Wang, Zhengwei Li. Mechanical, forming and biological properties of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y alloys prepared by 3D printing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(7): 1323-1333.
Fig. 1. Friction coefficient and worn volume of alloys with different amounts of Zr addition.
Fig. 2. Worn morphologies of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti6Al4V alloys: (a) 1.47 at.% Zr; (b) 2.93 at.% Zr; (c) 5.86 at.% Zr; (d) 8.79 at.% Zr; (e) 11.72 at.% Zr; (f) Ti70.5Fe29.5; (g) Ti-6Al-4 V.
Fig. 3. Stress-strain curves of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y alloys under room temperature compression.
| Alloy | σmax (MPa) | εf (%) | σmax/ρ (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 2156 | 15.17 | 373 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 1761 | 12.08 | 304 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 1464 | 9.30 | 252 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 1441 | 10.09 | 247 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 1410 | 8.69 | 241 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 974 | 8.24 | 171 |
Table 1 Mechanical properties of alloys after compressive test (σmax: ultimate compression stress; εf: fracture strain; σmax/ρ: specific strength; ρ: density).
| Alloy | σmax (MPa) | εf (%) | σmax/ρ (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 2156 | 15.17 | 373 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 1761 | 12.08 | 304 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 1464 | 9.30 | 252 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 1441 | 10.09 | 247 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 1410 | 8.69 | 241 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 974 | 8.24 | 171 |
Fig. 4. SEM fractographs of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y and Ti70.5Fe29.5 alloys: (a) 1.47 at.% Zr; (b) 2.93 at.% Zr; (c) 5.86 at.% Zr; (d) 8.79 at.% Zr; (e) 11.72 at.% Zr; (f) Ti70.5Fe29.5 alloy.
Fig. 5. Typical 3D profiles from top surfaces of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y and Ti70.5Fe29.5 alloys: (a) 1.47 at.% Zr; (b) 2.93 at.% Zr; (c) 5.86 at.% Zr; (d) 8.79 at.% Zr; (e) 11.72 at.% Zr; (f) Ti70.5Fe29.5 alloy.
Fig. 6. Densities of alloys with different amounts of Zr addition.
Fig. 7. Surface morphologies of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti6Al4V alloys after immersion in SBF solution for 4 d: (a) 1.47 at.% Zr; (b) 2.93 at.% Zr; (c) 5.86 at.% Zr; (d) 8.79 at.% Zr; (e) 11.72 at.% Zr; (f) Ti70.5Fe29.5 alloy; (g) Ti6Al4V alloy.
| Alloy | Ca | P | C | O | Na | S | Ti | Fe | Zr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.56 | 1.45 | 24.77 | 51.79 | 0.58 | -- | 9.97 | 10.88 | -- |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.98 | 4.03 | 28.05 | 47.26 | -- | 0.31 | 3.57 | 15.80 | -- |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 1.06 | 4.12 | 31.52 | 49.62 | 0.84 | 0.28 | 2.23 | 10.33 | -- |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.72 | 2.02 | 36.03 | 42.79 | -- | -- | 10.85 | 7.59 | -- |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 1.11 | 1.65 | 36.98 | 21.90 | -- | -- | 23.74 | 13.32 | 1.30 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.78 | 1.86 | 35.42 | 22.95 | -- | -- | 24.03 | 14.96 | -- |
| Ti-6Al-4V | 0.94 | 1.59 | 33.20 | 40.42 | -- | -- | 23.85 | -- | -- |
Table 2 EPMA analysis results of compositions of sediments from surfaces of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti6Al4V alloys (at.%).
| Alloy | Ca | P | C | O | Na | S | Ti | Fe | Zr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.56 | 1.45 | 24.77 | 51.79 | 0.58 | -- | 9.97 | 10.88 | -- |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.98 | 4.03 | 28.05 | 47.26 | -- | 0.31 | 3.57 | 15.80 | -- |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 1.06 | 4.12 | 31.52 | 49.62 | 0.84 | 0.28 | 2.23 | 10.33 | -- |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.72 | 2.02 | 36.03 | 42.79 | -- | -- | 10.85 | 7.59 | -- |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 1.11 | 1.65 | 36.98 | 21.90 | -- | -- | 23.74 | 13.32 | 1.30 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.78 | 1.86 | 35.42 | 22.95 | -- | -- | 24.03 | 14.96 | -- |
| Ti-6Al-4V | 0.94 | 1.59 | 33.20 | 40.42 | -- | -- | 23.85 | -- | -- |
Fig. 8. Representative morphologies of l-929 fibroblast cell in (a) 5.86 at.% Zr alloy at strongest extract dilution of 100%, (b) SFM negative control and (c) positive control.
Fig. 9. Crystallographic morphologies of l-929 in different concentration extracts from Ti-Fe-Zr-Y alloy with 5.86 at.% Zr addition and SFM negative control and positive control: (a) 100%; (b) 50%; (c) 10%; (d) 1%; (e) negative control; (f) positive control.
| Alloy | Group | OD | RGR (%) | Toxicity level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 100% | 0.634 ± 0.023 | 83 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.695 ± 0.008 | 91 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.776 ± 0.063 | 101 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.698 ± 0.027 | 91 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 100% | 0.639 ± 0.052 | 83 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.706 ± 0.128 | 92 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.764 ± 0.010 | 100 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.747 ± 0.035 | 98 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 100% | 0.648 ± 0.011 | 85 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.700 ± 0.006 | 91 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.706 ± 0.010 | 92 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.701 ± 0.008 | 92 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 100% | 0.653 ± 0.011 | 85 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.631 ± 0.011 | 82 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.713 ± 0.030 | 93 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.823 ± 0.136 | 108 | 0 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 100% | 0.654 ± 0.026 | 97 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.667 ± 0.024 | 99 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.694 ± 0.030 | 103 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.666 ± 0.022 | 102 | 0 | |
| Negative control | 0.675 ± 0.028 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 100% | 0.703 ± 0.016 | 77 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.745 ± 0.053 | 82 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.727 ± 0.032 | 80 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.823 ± 0.165 | 91 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.909 ± 0.202 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti6Al4V | 100% | 0.580 ± 0.029 | 86 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.585 ± 0.008 | 87 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.630 ± 0.011 | 93 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.620 ± 0.024 | 92 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.675 ± 0.028 | 100 | 0 |
Table 3 Optical density (OD), cell relative growth rate (RGR) and material toxicity levels of l-929 cells cytotoxicity test of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti6Al4V alloys.
| Alloy | Group | OD | RGR (%) | Toxicity level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 100% | 0.634 ± 0.023 | 83 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.695 ± 0.008 | 91 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.776 ± 0.063 | 101 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.698 ± 0.027 | 91 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 100% | 0.639 ± 0.052 | 83 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.706 ± 0.128 | 92 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.764 ± 0.010 | 100 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.747 ± 0.035 | 98 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 100% | 0.648 ± 0.011 | 85 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.700 ± 0.006 | 91 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.706 ± 0.010 | 92 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.701 ± 0.008 | 92 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 100% | 0.653 ± 0.011 | 85 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.631 ± 0.011 | 82 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.713 ± 0.030 | 93 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.823 ± 0.136 | 108 | 0 | |
| Negative control | 0.765 ± 0.024 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 100% | 0.654 ± 0.026 | 97 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.667 ± 0.024 | 99 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.694 ± 0.030 | 103 | 0 | |
| 1% | 0.666 ± 0.022 | 102 | 0 | |
| Negative control | 0.675 ± 0.028 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 100% | 0.703 ± 0.016 | 77 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.745 ± 0.053 | 82 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.727 ± 0.032 | 80 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.823 ± 0.165 | 91 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.909 ± 0.202 | 100 | 0 | |
| Ti6Al4V | 100% | 0.580 ± 0.029 | 86 | 1 |
| 50% | 0.585 ± 0.008 | 87 | 1 | |
| 10% | 0.630 ± 0.011 | 93 | 1 | |
| 1% | 0.620 ± 0.024 | 92 | 1 | |
| Negative control | 0.675 ± 0.028 | 100 | 0 |
Fig. 10. Crystallographic morphologies of l-929 cells adhered to Ti-Fe-Zr-Y alloy with 5.86 at.% Zr addition at different incubation time: (a) 30 min; (b) 60 min; (c) 120 min.
| Group | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.146 ± 0.002 | 0.345 ± 0.024 | 0.418 ± 0.029 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.145 ± 0.001 | 0.333 ± 0.010 | 0.411 ± 0.003 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 0.147 ± 0.002 | 0.293 ± 0.006 | 0.484 ± 0.004 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.144 ± 0.003 | 0.260 ± 0.004 | 0.425 ± 0.008 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 0.148 ± 0.003 | 0.218 ± 0.004 | 0.462 ± 0.004 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.149 ± 0.003 | 0.227 ± 0.003 | 0.410 ± 0.033 |
| Ti6Al4V | 0.141 ± 0.003 | 0.199 ± 0.005 | 0.393 ± 0.007 |
| Control | 0.146 ± 0.002 | 0.301 ± 0.004 | 0.444 ± 0.006 |
Table 4 OD values of l-929 cells adhered to surfaces of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5, Ti6Al4V alloys and control group.
| Group | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.146 ± 0.002 | 0.345 ± 0.024 | 0.418 ± 0.029 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.145 ± 0.001 | 0.333 ± 0.010 | 0.411 ± 0.003 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 0.147 ± 0.002 | 0.293 ± 0.006 | 0.484 ± 0.004 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.144 ± 0.003 | 0.260 ± 0.004 | 0.425 ± 0.008 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 0.148 ± 0.003 | 0.218 ± 0.004 | 0.462 ± 0.004 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.149 ± 0.003 | 0.227 ± 0.003 | 0.410 ± 0.033 |
| Ti6Al4V | 0.141 ± 0.003 | 0.199 ± 0.005 | 0.393 ± 0.007 |
| Control | 0.146 ± 0.002 | 0.301 ± 0.004 | 0.444 ± 0.006 |
Fig. 11. Crystallographic morphologies of l-929 cells proliferated on surface of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y alloy with 5.86 at.% Zr addition at different incubation time: (a) 1 d; (b) 4 d; (c) 8 d.
| Group | 1 d | 4 d | 8 d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.229 ± 0.002 | 1.449 ± 0.027 | 2.929 ± 0.044 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.231 ± 0.003 | 1.148 ± 0.013 | 2.731 ± 0.087 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 0.179 ± 0.008 | 1.417 ± 0.021 | 2.937 ± 0.068 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.259 ± 0.002 | 1.253 ± 0.025 | 2.706 ± 0.033 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 0.24 ± 0.001 | 1.550 ± 0.027 | 2.771 ± 0.078 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.210 ± 0.009 | 0.993 ± 0.013 | 2.959 ± 0.025 |
| Ti6Al4V | 0.218 ± 0.005 | 1.038 ± 0.006 | 2.216 ± 0.017 |
| Control | 0.234 ± 0.002 | 1.673 ± 0.024 | 2.985 ± 0.110 |
Table 5 OD values of l-929 cells proliferated on surfaces of Ti-Fe-Zr-Y, Ti70.5Fe29.5, Ti6Al4V alloys and control group.
| Group | 1 d | 4 d | 8 d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti68.91Fe29.32Zr1.47Y0.30 | 0.229 ± 0.002 | 1.449 ± 0.027 | 2.929 ± 0.044 |
| Ti67.45Fe29.32Zr2.93Y0.30 | 0.231 ± 0.003 | 1.148 ± 0.013 | 2.731 ± 0.087 |
| Ti64.52Fe29.32Zr5.86Y0.30 | 0.179 ± 0.008 | 1.417 ± 0.021 | 2.937 ± 0.068 |
| Ti61.58Fe29.32Zr8.79Y0.30 | 0.259 ± 0.002 | 1.253 ± 0.025 | 2.706 ± 0.033 |
| Ti58.65Fe29.32Zr11.72Y0.30 | 0.24 ± 0.001 | 1.550 ± 0.027 | 2.771 ± 0.078 |
| Ti70.5Fe29.5 | 0.210 ± 0.009 | 0.993 ± 0.013 | 2.959 ± 0.025 |
| Ti6Al4V | 0.218 ± 0.005 | 1.038 ± 0.006 | 2.216 ± 0.017 |
| Control | 0.234 ± 0.002 | 1.673 ± 0.024 | 2.985 ± 0.110 |
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