Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation and property of the Cur-IOH, and its application in accelerating wound healing as a novel wound dressing material.

Fig. 2. Preparation and materials characterization of IOH. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of IOH. (b) Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of various materials. Data = mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). **p < 0.01. (c) Dependence of G′, G′′, and the G′′/G′ ratio (loss factor) of IOH on the frequency of oscillation. (d) Stress-strain curves of cyclic compressive loading-unloading tests on IOH. (e) Dependence of the viscosity of IOH in a shear rate range of 0.1-100 at 37 °C. (f) Dynamic glide force of IOH during the injection. (g) Self-healing property of IOH characterized by rheometer at the alternate step strain switched from 1% to 100%, frequency of 1 Hz and at 37 °C.

Fig. 3. Non-drying capability of IOH and its stability at different temperatures. (a) Photographs of the IOH, GelMA, and PVA hydrogels before (left) and after (right) storage at 37 °C and 50% RH for 7 days. (b) Weight change ratios of IOH, PVA hydrogel, and GelMA when stored at 37 °C and 50% RH. (c, d) Compressive modulus of IOH, PVA hydrogel, and GelMA after storage at 37 °C and 50% RH for 7 days or at -20°C for 1 day. (e, f) Compressive stress-strain curve at the maximum strain of 20% of IOH after storage at 37 °C and 50% RH for 7 days and at -20°C for 24 h.

Fig. 4. In vitro inhibitory effect of IOH on bacterial adhesion and growth. (a) Representative fluorescence microscopic images of live bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) adhered to the surface of IOH, GelMA, and PVA hydrogel after 24 h incubation. The area coverages of (b) S. aureus and (c) E. coli on the surfaces of IOH, GelMA, and PVA hydrogel after 24 h incubation. **p < 0.01.

Fig. 5. In vitro antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of different hydrogels. (a) Cumulative release curve of Cur-IOH (fitted with Ritger-Peppas model) and Cur-PVA. (b, c) Relative growth rate of HUVECs and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts when cultured with extracts of IOH, Cur-IOH, and PVA hydrogel for 1 and 3?days, versus a control group at day 1 or day 3 (set as 100%). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Data = mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). (d) Live/dead fluorescence micrographs of HUVECs and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts after being cultured with a regular medium and the extracts of IOH, Cur-IOH, and PVA hydrogel for 1 and 3?days, respectively. (e, f) Representative images of inhibition zones around different samples against S. aureus and E. coli. (g, h) Width of inhibition zones around different samples against S. aureus and E. coli. **p < 0.01.

Fig. 6. Healing of murine full-thickness skin wound with the IOH and Cur-IOH. (a) Schematic illustration of experimental design. (b) Representative images of the non-treated skin wounds and the wounds treated with IOH and Cur-IOH for 5, 10, and 15 days. (c) Wound contraction ratios of different groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. (d) Representative images of H&E, Masson, and CD31 immunohistochemical staining of the non-treated wound and the wound tissues treated with IOH and Cur-IOH at 15 days post-surgery. (e) Epidermal thickness, (f) collagen deposition, (g) percentage of vessel area, and (h) vessel density at wound site after different treatments for 15 days. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.