Improved thermal stability and infrared emissivity of high-entropy REMgAl11O19 and LaMAl11O19 (RE=La, Nd, Gd, Sm, Pr, Dy; M=Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn)

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.068

Abstract

Abstract:

LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (LMA), characterized by high melting point, low density and thermal conductivity as well as good infrared emissivity, is regarded as a potential candidate for the thermal protection of hypersonic vehicles. Nevertheless, the unsatisfied phase stability at high temperature results in declining of the emissivity below 6 μm, which limits the extensive applications of LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉. In order to overcome this obstacle, three dense bulk high-entropy ceramics, (La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Pr_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉ (HE LMA-1), (La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Dy_0.2)Mg Al₁₁O₁₉ (HE LMA-2) and La(Mg_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)Al₁₁O₁₉ (HE LMA-3), were designed and successfully prepared through solid state reaction at 1700 ℃ for 4 h in one step. XRD analyses show that the phase compositions of HE LMA-1, HE LMA-2 and HE LMA-3 are single-phase solid solutions with the relative density of 95.61%, 95.49% and 94.31%, respectively. Heat treatment experiments demonstrate that the phase composition of HE LMA-1 remains a single phase after high-temperature heating, while second phase appears in other two samples. The stability of HE LMA-1 is attributed to small average size difference δ (~4%) of constitute elements. Intriguingly, the average emissivity of HE LMA-1 in the range of 3-6 μm reaches 0.9, which is significantly higher than that of LMA and other two HE LMA samples. The emissivity of all samples remains above 0.95 from 6 to 10 μm. In the far infrared region (10-14 μm), although the emissivity of these specimens decreases slightly, it still exceeds 0.85. The UV-Vis absorption spectra indicate that the formation of many discrete impurity energy levels with small intervals in HE LMA-1 promotes the f electrons to transit between adjacent impurity energy levels and conduction band, which enhances the infrared emission of HE LMA-1 below 6 μm. In a word, with improved phase stability and thermal emissivity in infrared range, high-entropy REMgAl₁₁O₁₉, especially (La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Pr_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉ (HE LMA-1), is a promising candidate in thermal protection coatings of hypersonic vehicles.

Key words: High-entropy ceramics, LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉, Thermal stability, Infrared emissivity, UV-Vis absorption

Haolin Zhu, Ling Liu, Huimin Xiang, Fu-Zhi Dai, Xiaohui Wang, Zhuang Ma, Yanbo Liu, Yanchun Zhou. Improved thermal stability and infrared emissivity of high-entropy REMgAl₁₁O₁₉ and LaMAl₁₁O₁₉ (RE=La, Nd, Gd, Sm, Pr, Dy; M=Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn)[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 104: 131-144.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Crystal structure of LaMgAl11O19.

Table 1 Average size difference (δ) of HE LMA (the cation radius of selected rare-earth and transition metal elements are obtained from the revised list of effective ionic radius [57]).

Samples	Composition	δ (%)
HE LMA-1	(La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Pr_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉	3.25
HE LMA-2	(La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Dy_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉	4.25
HE LMA-3	La(Mg_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)Al₁₁O₁₉	4.04

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of (a) HE LMA-1 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Pr0.2)MgAl11O19), HE LMA-2 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Dy0.2)MgAl11O19), HE LMA-3 (La(Mg0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)Al11O19) and simulated XRD pattern of HE LMA (the component is the same as that of HE LMA-3) together with the standard data obtained from ICDD/JCPDS cards, (b) partial enlargement of the (107) at the 2θ positions of 33.5-35 o, and the distribution of La atoms (green) and Mg atoms (orange) of LMA on (c) (008), (d) (107) and (e) (114) planes.

Table 2 Atomic scattering factor f and parameters for selected elements [58].

	Z	a₁	b₁	a₂	b₂	a₃	b₃	a₄	b₄	f₁₁₄	f₀₀₈
La	57	4.94	28.716	3.968	5.245	1.663	0.594	0	0	46.21	47.45
Nd	60	5.151	28.304	4.075	5.073	1.683	0.571	0	0	48.83	50.12
Gd	64	5.225	29.158	4.314	5.259	1.827	0.586	0	0	52.37	53.71
Sm	62	5.255	28.016	4.113	5.037	1.743	0.577	0	0	50.59	51.90
Pr	59	5.085	28.588	4.043	5.143	1.684	0.581	0	0	47.96	49.23
Dy	66	5.332	28.888	4.37	5.198	1.863	0.581	0	0	54.13	55.51
Mg	12	2.268	73.67	1.803	20.175	0.839	3.013	0.289	0.405	8.72	8.99
Fe	26	2.544	64.424	2.343	14.88	1.759	2.854	0.506	0.35	20.02	20.68
Co	27	2.367	61.431	2.236	14.18	1.724	2.725	0.515	0.344	21.07	21.73
Ni	28	2.21	58.727	2.134	13.553	1.689	2.609	0.524	0.339	22.12	22.80
Zn	30	1.942	54.162	1.95	12.518	1.619	2.416	0.543	0.33	24.26	24.94

Table 3 Lattice parameters (a and c) and theoretical density (ρth) of HE LMA and pure LMA.

Sample	Composition	a (Å)	c (Å)	ρ_th (g/cm³)
HE LMA-1	(La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Pr_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉	5.5738	21.8722	4.340
HE LMA-2	(La_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2Sm_0.2Dy_0.2)MgAl₁₁O₁₉	5.5699	21.8714	4.370
HE LMA-3	La(Mg_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)Al₁₁O₁₉	5.5953	22.0146	4.410
Pure LMA	LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉	5.5820	21.9420	4.285

Table 4 Bulk density and relative density of HE LMA samples.

Sample	Bulk density (g/cm³)	Relative density (%)
HE LMA-1	4.15	95.61
HE LMA-2	4.17	95.49
HE LMA-3	4.16	94.31

Fig. 3. SEM images of bulk (a) HE LMA-1 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Pr0.2)MgAl11O19), (b) HE LMA-2 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Dy0.2)MgAl11O19), (c) HE LMA-3 (La(Mg0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)Al11O19) and (d) simulated morphology of HE LMA-3 generated by Morphology code in Materials Studio software suit (© Accelrys Inc., San Diego, USA, 2014).

Fig. 4. (a) Band structure and (b) projected density of states (PDOS) of LMA.

Fig. 5. XRD patterns of LMA and those after heating to 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 ℃.

Fig. 6. XRD patterns of (a) HE LMA-1 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Pr0.2)MgAl11O19), (b) HE LMA-2 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Dy0.2)MgAl11O19) and (c) HE LMA-3 (La(Mg0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)Al11O19) after heated to 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 ℃ as well as the unannealed ones.

Fig. 7. Infrared emissivity of HE LMA-1 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Pr0.2)MgAl11O19), HE LMA-2 ((La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sm0.2Dy0.2)MgAl11O19), HE LMA-3 (La(Mg0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)Al11O19) and pure LMA (LaMgAl11O19) samples.

Fig. 8. UV-Vis absorption spectra of three HE LMA specimens as well as pure LMA.

Fig. 9. Bandgap (Eg) of (a) HE LMA-1, (b) HE LMA-2, (c) HE LMA-3 and (d) pure LMA.

Fig. 10. Valence electron concentration (VEC) and the average size difference (δ) of three HE LMA specimens.

Fig. 11. Schematics of the possible mechanism for infrared emissivity of (a) pure LMA, (b) HE LMA-3, (c) HE LMA-2 and (d) HE LMA-1.

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Improved thermal stability and infrared emissivity of high-entropy REMgAl₁₁O₁₉ and LaMAl₁₁O₁₉ (RE=La, Nd, Gd, Sm, Pr, Dy; M=Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn)

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