J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2023, Vol. 132: 201-212.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.012
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
D.D. Zhang, J. Kuang, H. Xue, J.Y. Zhang(
), G. Liu(), J. Sun()
Received:2022-04-28
Revised:2022-05-23
Accepted:2022-06-05
Published:2023-01-01
Online:2022-07-05
Contact:
J.Y. Zhang,G. Liu,J. Sun
About author:junsun@xjtu.edu.cn (J. Sun).D.D. Zhang, J. Kuang, H. Xue, J.Y. Zhang, G. Liu, J. Sun. A strong and ductile NiCoCr-based medium-entropy alloy strengthened by coherent nanoparticles with superb thermal-stability[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132: 201-212.
Fig. 1. Microstructural features of the Al6Ta2 MEA in recrystallized and aged state. (a) SEM and (b) EBSD images of the recrystallized Al6Ta2 MEA, showing the equiaxed grains decorated by profuse ATs indicated by white arrows; (c) XRD patterns of the recrystallized and aged MEA at 750 °C for 64 h, confirming the single-phase FCC microstructure and the appearance of σ-phase in the 750/64 sample; (d-g) microstructures of the aged Al6Ta2 MEA under 750 °C for 1 to 64 h, showing the σ-phase indicated by wathet arrows precipitated along GBs gradually; (h) SEM-EDS scan line profile across σ-phase reveals that σ-phase is Cr-riched.
| Ni | Co | Cr | Al | Ta | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FCC | 26.2 ± 1.5 | 37.5 ± 1.4 | 33.3 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| L12 | 43.6 ± 0.4 | 26.4 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.6 | 7.6 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.2 |
| σ | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 33.6 ± 0.1 | 57.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Table 1. Chemical compositions (at.%) of the FCC matrix, L12, and σ phase in the aged Al6Ta2 MEA.
| Ni | Co | Cr | Al | Ta | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FCC | 26.2 ± 1.5 | 37.5 ± 1.4 | 33.3 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| L12 | 43.6 ± 0.4 | 26.4 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.6 | 7.6 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.2 |
| σ | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 33.6 ± 0.1 | 57.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Fig. 2. Characteristics of L12-precipitates (red arrows) in the Al6Ta2 MEA aged at 750 °C for various durations. HAADF-STEM images of nanoscale L12-particles in the Al6Ta2 MEA aged at 750 °C for (a) 1 h, (b) 64 h, and (c) 300 h, and (a1-a3) the corresponding precipitate size distributions; (d) aging time dependence of the nanoparticle features, in terms of the average diameter (d), number density (Nv), volume fraction (f), and edge-to-edge inter-precipitate distance (l).
| t (h) | d (nm) | Nv (× 1022 m-3) | f (%) | l (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.06 | 88.5 | 16.3 | 6.9 |
| 64 | 22.4 | 3.91 | 23.1 | 15.5 |
| 300 | 36.52 | 0.98 | 25.1 | 23 |
Table 2. Temporal evolution (t) of the nanoparticle features at 750 °C, in terms of the average diameter (d), number density (Nv), volume fraction (f), and edge-to-edge interparticle spacing (l).
| t (h) | d (nm) | Nv (× 1022 m-3) | f (%) | l (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.06 | 88.5 | 16.3 | 6.9 |
| 64 | 22.4 | 3.91 | 23.1 | 15.5 |
| 300 | 36.52 | 0.98 | 25.1 | 23 |
Fig. 3. Nature of the L12-nanoparticles. (a) HRTEM image along the [011] zone axis exhibiting the coherent particle/matrix interface along with the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns for (a1) the precipitate and (a2) matrix, respectively; (b) STEM-EDS mapping, showing the elemental partitioning in the nanoparticles and matrix; (c) elemental partitioning coefficient in aged Al6Ta2 alloy.
Fig. 4. Mechanical response and fracture behavior of the Al6Ta2 MEA. (a) Engineering stress-strain curves of the recrystallized and aged Al6Ta2 alloy under 750 °C for 1, 4, 16, and 64 h, respectively; (b) true stress-strain curves vs corresponding strain hardening rates of the recrystallized and representative aged Al6Ta2 MEAs; (c1) cross-sectional microstructures near fracture surface of failure samples and (c2) fractography morphologies of 750/1 sample, as well as (d1 and d2) the counterparts in the 750/64 sample. The GB, cracks, σ-phase, and dimples were marked by yellow, red, wathet, and iridescent arrows, respectively.
Fig. 5. Typically deformed microstructures of aged Al6Ta2 MEA stretched to fracture. (a1) A high-density tangled-dislocations and (a2) directional HDDWs; (a3 and a4) the occasionally formed SFs; (a5) observed dislocation-precipitate interactions in the deformed 750/1 alloy; prevalent (b1) nanoscale SF-bundles and (b2) SF-networks along with (b3) the HRTEM and (b4) FFT pattern of SF; (b5) strong interactions between dislocation/SFs and precipitates, showing SFs penetrate a nanoparticle in the deformed 750/64 alloy. The SFs were indicated by red arrows in the above TEM images.
Fig. 6. (a) Schematic sketches illustrating the plastic mechanisms related to the L12 particle features and the substructures in the 750/1 and 750/64 alloys, respectively; (b) schematic of mechanistic deformation mode transition, displaying that larger L, lower γSF together with higher applied stress in the 750/64 alloy favors the activation of SFs.
Fig. 7. Contributions of each hardening mechanism in the aged Al6Ta2 MEA under 750 °C for 64 h, along with the calculated σy (Cal. σy) and experimental σy (Exp. σy).
Fig. 8. (a) LSW relationship illuminating the coarsening of the L12-precipitates in the designed Al6Ta2 MEA and the reported (CoNiCrx)94Al3Ti3 system [69]; (b) comparison of precipitate coarsening rate k in the current Al6Ta2 MEA, typical conventional Ni-based alloys along with reported M/HEAs at 750 °C.
| Alloys | k (m3/s) | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| M/HEAs | (NiCoCr)92Al6Ta2 | 3.17 × 10-30 | This work |
| (CoCr0.1Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 1.84 × 10-28 | [ | |
| (CoCr0.2Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 7.73 × 10-29 | [ | |
| (CoCr0.3Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 3.66 × 10-29 | [ | |
| (NiCoFeCr)94Ti2Al4 | 4.83 × 10-29 | [ | |
| Traditional Ni-based alloys | Ni-13.6Al | 3.0 × 10-27 | [ |
| Ni-12Ti | 2.17 × 10-27 | [ | |
| Ni-17.6Cr-9.7Al | 4.92 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Ni-21.7Co-13.4Al | 8.32 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Nimonic 105 | 3.33 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Inconel 939 | 2.67 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Nimonic PE16 | 1.38 × 10-28 | [ |
Table 3. Coarsening rate (k) of L12 precipitates for various multicomponent alloys and conventional superalloys under 750 °C.
| Alloys | k (m3/s) | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| M/HEAs | (NiCoCr)92Al6Ta2 | 3.17 × 10-30 | This work |
| (CoCr0.1Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 1.84 × 10-28 | [ | |
| (CoCr0.2Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 7.73 × 10-29 | [ | |
| (CoCr0.3Ni)94Ti3Al3 | 3.66 × 10-29 | [ | |
| (NiCoFeCr)94Ti2Al4 | 4.83 × 10-29 | [ | |
| Traditional Ni-based alloys | Ni-13.6Al | 3.0 × 10-27 | [ |
| Ni-12Ti | 2.17 × 10-27 | [ | |
| Ni-17.6Cr-9.7Al | 4.92 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Ni-21.7Co-13.4Al | 8.32 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Nimonic 105 | 3.33 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Inconel 939 | 2.67 × 10-28 | [ | |
| Nimonic PE16 | 1.38 × 10-28 | [ |
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