Reduction effect of final-pass heavy reduction rolling on the texture development, tensile property and stretch formability of ZWK100 alloy plates

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.042

Abstract

Abstract:

Obviously planar anisotropy due to ‘TD split’ orthotropic texture (TD indicates Transverse direction) always exist in the Rare-earth (RE) or Ca containing Mg alloy sheets, which is likely caused by the low-reduction rolling (and annealing) as revealed in our previous research. In this work, the as-cast billets of a ZWK100 alloy were subjected to final-pass heavy reduction rolling (FHRR) at 500 °C with different reductions (30%-70%) after rough rolling, aiming to investigate the reduction effect on the microstructure and texture formation. The results show that FHRR with higher reductions above 50% is in favor of shear banding formation but has little effect on the as-deformed texture components, and the excellent formability with single-pass reduction up to 70% is mainly ascribed to the activation of prismatic 〈a〉 slip. FHRR with reduction above 50% and annealing can generate uniform grain structures of ∼10 μm and symmetrical ‘oblique-line split’ texture in (0001) pole figures, with basal poles tilting by about 50° from ND (Normal direction) towards some oblique-line of TD and RD (Rolling direction) as well as uniform distribution of counter lines as an annular shape, resulting in excellent elongation to failure of ∼50% and ultra-low planar anisotropy Δr₂ of ∼0.1 and high stretch formability (Erichsen value: 8.1). The formation ‘oblique-line split’ texture in (0001) pole figures is mainly correlated with the preferred growth tendency of grains with [$21\bar{1}1$]-[$12\bar{1}2$]//RD, which was suggested to relate to the high mobility of some special boundaries such as 40°-45°[$10\bar{1}0$](∑14). The influences of starting textures on the mechanical properties, planar anisotropy and related deformation modes, as well as their correlations with the stretch formability were comparatively investigated with the ‘TD split’ orthotropic texture as a counterpoint.

Key words: Magnesium alloys, Texture, Plane anisotropy, Stretch formability, Rolled sheets

B.Q. Shi, L.Y. Zhao, X.L. Shang, B.H. Nie, D.C. Chen, C.Q. Li, Y.Q. Cheng. Reduction effect of final-pass heavy reduction rolling on the texture development, tensile property and stretch formability of ZWK100 alloy plates[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111: 211-223.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. Typical optical microscopy (OM) images of the microstructures for different plates. (a, b) RR-0.4R upon rough rolling, (c, d) RR-0.4A upon rough rolling and intermediate annealing, (e, f) FHRR-H0.3R upon FHRR with 30% reduction, (g, h) FHRR-H0.5R upon FHRR with 50% reduction and (i, j) FHRR-H0.7R upon FHRR with 70% reduction.

Fig. 2. (0001) pole figures measured by XRD for RR-0.4R, RR-0.4A, FHRR-H0.3R, FHRR-H0.5R and FHRR-H0.7R plates.

Fig. 3. EBSD results of the RR-0.4A plate: (a) IPF image, (b) boundary mapping, (c) orientations of parent grains undergoing twins, (d) misorientation distribution, (e-g) (0001) pole figures for PG1, PG2 and PG3 and IGMA result, (h) orientation along the arrow in PG1, (i) IGMA result of all grains and (j) (0001) pole figure for all grains.

Fig. 4. Typical OM and SEM images of the microstructures for the FHRR-H0.3A, FHRR-H0.5A, FHRR-H0.7A and LRR-A plates.

Fig. 5. (0001) pole figures measured by XRD for the LRR-A, FHRR-H0.3A, FHRR-H0.5A and FHRR-H0.7A plates.

Fig. 6. The inverse pole figure (IPF) maps and corresponding PF (pole figure)-texture and IPF-texture with respect to RD analyzed by EBSD for the LRR-A, FHRR-H0.3A, FHRR-H0.5A and FHRR-H0.7A plates.

Fig. 7. Typical tensile curves along the RD, 45° and TD for the LRR-A, FHRR-H0.3A, FHRR-H0.5A and FHRR-H0.7A plates.

Table 1. Room-temperature mechanical properties along RD, TD and 45º for the ZWK100 alloy sheets under different conditions. Measurement data indicating mean ± standard deviation.

Sample	Empty Cell	Yield strength (MPa)	Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)	Uniform elongation	Elongation to failure
LRR-A	RD	190.8 ± 6.9	246.6 ± 2.5	0.19±0.01	0.35±0.03
	TD	127.8 ± 0.1	213.8 ± 0.1	0.32±0.01	0.47±0.01
	45°	135.6 ± 2.7	210.9 ± 2.0	0.31±0	0.46±0.01
FHRR -H0.3A	RD	108.1 ± 0.1	201.4 ± 1.1	0.33±0.01	0.46±0.01
	TD	97.0 ± 1.5	203.1 ± 1.0	0.40±0.04	0.54±0.03
	45°	97.2 ± 2.5	189.6 ± 1.9	0.34±0.04	0.48±0.05
FHRR -H0.5A	RD	117.2 ± 6.6	209.8 ± 1.4	0.37±0.02	0.49±0.01
	TD	119.7 ± 0.9	211.1 ± 1.7	0.38±0.01	0.45±0
	45°	123.1 ± 0.9	211.2 ± 0.7	0.37±0.02	0.49±0.01
FHRR -H0.7A	RD	125.3 ± 1.4	211.0 ± 1.0	0.34±0.03	0.47±0.03
	TD	121.1 ± 1.2	211.4 ± 1.1	0.37±0.01	0.50±0.04
	45°	123.7 ± 0.9	206.7 ± 0.8	0.35±0.01	0.47±0.04

Table 2. Planar and in-plane anisotropy of the ZWK100 alloy sheets under different conditions.

Sample	r_RD	r₄₅	r_TD	r_avg	Δr₂
LRR-A	1.29	1.16	0.98	1.14	0.31
FHRR-H0.3A	1.50	1.11	1.16	1.26	0.39
FHRR-H0.5A	1.16	1.14	1.10	1.14	0.06
FHRR-H0.7A	0.99	1.08	1.10	1.06	0.11

Fig. 8. The flank and top view of Erichsen specimens after tests for the LRR-A, FHRR-H0.5A and FHRR-H0.7A plates, and the arrows indicating the RD.

Fig. 9. (a) The IPF maps and PF-texture for off-basal type (O-type) grains and basal type (B-type) grains in the RR0.4-A plate (after rough rolling and intermediate annealing), the SFs of different deformation modes for the grains with (b) O-type textures and (d) B-type textures, and (c) two specific orientations for parent grains with ideal O-type textures perpendicular to the ND and possible six {$10\bar{1}2$} twin variants with different SFs and resulting basal textures.

Fig. 10. The PF-texture and IPF-texture with respect to RD for the (a) FHRR-H0.3A and (b) FHRR-H0.7A sheets with different grain size (D) ranges, (c) local misorientation and grain boundary misorientation distributions for D in range of 5-10 μm and 10-15 μm of FHRR-0.3A sheet.

Table 3. The possible near-CSL boundaries in Mg alloys with idea c/a of 1.633 [51].

Σ	1	7	10	11	13a	14	17a	18b	19	25b
Angle (°)	0	21.79	78.46	62.96	27.8	44.2	86.63	70.53	13.7	23.07
Axis	Any	[0001]	[$10\bar{1}0$]	[$10\bar{1}0$]	[0001]	[$10\bar{1}0$]	[$2\bar{1}\bar{1}0$]	[$2\bar{1}\bar{1}0$]	[0001]	[$10\bar{1}0$]

Fig. 11. Schmid factor distributions for (a) (0001)<$11\bar{2}0$> basal slip and (b) ($10\bar{1}2$)<$10\bar{1}1$> twin measured by EBSD for all the plates when the tensile stress is along the RD, 45° and TD.

Fig. 12. Typical strain hardening curves along the RD and TD for LRR-A and FHRR-H0.7A sheet.

Fig. 13. EBSD boundary misorientation maps, micro-texture and misorientation angle distributions of the RD and TD specimens of NRR-A sheet strained to 8%, the dotted lines indicating the (0001)<$10\bar{1}0$> texture component.

Fig. 14. The Erichsen values for the studied sheets and those in Refs. [[24], [25], [26], [27],29,54,62] as a function of Δr2, the dotted lines denoting the data for ZWK100 sheets processed by FHRR.

References 63

[1]	J.L. Wu, L. Jin, J. Dong, Wang F.H, S. Dong, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 42 (2020) 177-191.
[2]	B.W. Zhu, X. Liu, C. Xie, J. Su, P.C. Guo, C.P. Tang, W.H. Liu, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 50 (2020) 59-65.
[3]	M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, H. Yan, G.H. Fan, T. Nakata, C.S. Lao, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, E.H. Han, B.H. Lu, Acta Mater. 157 (2018) 53-71. DOI URL
[4]	J. Zhao, B. Jiang, Y. Yuan, Q. Wang, M. Yuan, A. Tang, G. Huang, D. Zhang, F. Pan, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 95 (2021) 20-29.
[5]	B. Song, N. Guo, T. Liu, Q. Yang, Mater. Des. 62 (2014) 352-360. DOI URL
[6]	A. Imandoust, C.D. Barrett, A.L. Oppedal, W.R. Whittington, Y. Paudel, H. El Kadiri, Acta Mater. 138 (2017) 27-41. DOI URL
[7]	R.K. Sabat, A.P. Brahme, R.K. Mishra, K. Inal, S. Suwas, Acta Mater. 161 (2018) 246-257. DOI URL
[8]	J.P. Hadorn, K. Hantzsche, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, S.R. Agnew, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 (2012) 1363-1375. DOI URL
[9]	B.Q. Shi, R.S. Chen, W. Ke, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 560 (2013) 62-70. DOI URL
[10]	J.P. Hadorn, K. Hantzsche, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, J.A. Wollmershauser, S.R. Agnew, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 (2011) 1347-1362. DOI URL
[11]	S. Sandlöbes, S. Zaefferer, I. Schestakow, S. Yi, R. Gonzalez-Martinez, Acta Mater. 59 (2011) 429-439. DOI URL
[12]	S. Sandlöbes, M. Friák, S. Zaefferer, A. Dick, S. Yi, D. Letzig, Z. Pei, L.F. Zhu, J. Neugebauer, D. Raabe, Acta Mater. 60 (2012) 3011-3021. DOI URL
[13]	N. Stanford, M.R. Barnett, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 496 (2008) 399-408. DOI URL
[14]	R.G. Li, H.R. Li, H.C. Pan, D.S. Xie, J.H. Zhang, D.Q. Fang, Y.Q. Dai, D.Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, Scr.Mater. 193 (2021) 142-146.
[15]	T.C. Xie, H. Shi, H.B. Wang, Q. Luo, Q. Li, K.C. Chou, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 97 (2022) 147-155.
[16]	J. Bohlen, M.R. Nürnberg, J.W. Senn, D. Letzig, S.R. Agnew, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 2101-2112. DOI URL
[17]	L.W.F. Mackenzie, M.O. Pekguleryuz, Scr.Mater. 59 (2008) 665-668.
[18]	H. Yan, S.W. Xu, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, T. Honma, E.H. Han, J. Alloy. Compd. 566 (2013) 98-107. DOI URL
[19]	Y. Chino, K. Sassa, M. Mabuchi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 513 (2009) 394-400.
[20]	B.C. Suh, J.H. Kim, H.H. Ji, M.S. Shim, N.J. Kim, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 22364. DOI URL
[21]	B.C. Suh, M.S. Shim, K.S. Shin, N.J. Kim, Scr.Mater. 84-85 (2014) 1-6.
[22]	S. Yi, J. Bohlen, F. Heinemann, D. Letzig, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 592-605. DOI URL
[23]	S. Pan, Y. Xin, G. Huang, L. Qi, F. Guo, Q. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 653 (2016) 93-98. DOI URL
[24]	X. Huang, K. Suzuki, Y. Chino, M. Mabuchi, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 7579-7584. DOI URL
[25]	X. Huang, Y. Chino, M. Mabuchi, M. Matsuda, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 611 (2014) 152-161. DOI URL
[26]	X. Huang, K. Suzuki, Y. Chino, M. Mabuchi, J. Alloy. Compd. 632 (2015) 94-102. DOI URL
[27]	X. Huang, K. Suzuki, N. Saito, Scr. Mater. 60 (2009) 651-654. DOI URL
[28]	T. Zhou, Z. Yang, D. Hu, T. Feng, M. Yang, X. Zhai, J. Alloy. Compd. 650 (2015) 436-443. DOI URL
[29]	B.Q. Shi, Y.H. Xiao, X.L. Shang, Y.Q. Cheng, H. Yan, Y. Dong, A.F. Chen, X.L. Fu, R.S. Chen, W. Ke, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 746 (2019) 115-126. DOI URL
[30]	D. Guan, W.M. Rainforth, J. Gao, J. Sharp, B. Wynne, L. Ma, Acta Mater. 135 (2017) 14-24. DOI URL
[31]	M.G. Jiang, H. Yan, R.S. Chen, J. Alloy. Compd. 650 (2015) 399-409. DOI URL
[32]	M.R. Barnett, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 464 (2007) 8-16. DOI URL
[33]	J. Koike, Y. Sato, D. Ando, Mater. Trans. 49 (2008) 2792-2800. DOI URL
[34]	M.R. Barnett, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 464 (2007) 1-7. DOI URL
[35]	Y.B. Chun, C.H.J. Davies, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42 (2011) 4113-4125. DOI URL
[36]	C. Zener, J.H. Hollomon, J Appl. Phys. 15 (1944) 22-32. DOI URL
[37]	J.P. Hadorn, K. Hantzsche, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, S.R. Agnew, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43 (2012) 1363-1375. DOI URL
[38]	B.Q. Shi, L.Y. Zhao, D.C. Chen, C.Q. Li, Y. Dong, D. Wu, R.S. Chen, W. Ke, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 772 (2020) 138786. DOI URL
[39]	W.F. Hosford, The Mechanics of Crystals and Textured Polycrystals, Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1993.
[40]	Y. Chino, K. Kimura, M. Mabuchi, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 1476-1485. DOI URL
[41]	T.D. Berman, T.M. Pollock, J.W. Jones, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46 (2015) 2986-2998. DOI URL
[42]	A.C. hapuis, J.H. Driver, Acta Mater. 59 (2011) 1986-1994. DOI URL
[43]	S.-G. Hong, S.H. Park, C.S. Lee, Scr. Mater. 64 (2011) 145-148. DOI URL
[44]	S.R. Agnew, M.H. Yoo, C.N. Tomé, Acta Mater. 49 (2001) 4277-4289. DOI URL
[45]	F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealingphenom- ena, 2nd Ed., Elsevier, 2004.
[46]	W.X. Wu, L. Jin, Z.Y. Zhang, W.J. Ding, J. Dong, J. Alloy. Compd. 585 (2014) 111-119. DOI URL
[47]	M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, H. Yan, S.H. Lu, T. Nakata, C.S. Lao, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, E.H. Han, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 16800. DOI PMID
[48]	L.Y. Zhao, H. Yan, R.S. Chen, E.H. Han, J. Magn. Alloy. 9 (2021) 818-828. DOI URL
[49]	L.Y. Zhao, H. Yan, R.S. Chen, E.H. Han, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 60 (2021) 162-167.
[50]	Z.R. Zeng, Y.M. Zhu, S.W. Xu, M.Z. Bian, C.H.J. Davies, N. Birbilis, J.F. Nie, Acta Mater. 105 (2016) 479-494. DOI URL
[51]	A. Ostapovets, A. Jäger, P. Šedá, P. Lej ˇcek, Scr. Mater. 64 (2011) 470-473. DOI URL
[52]	C.D. Barrett, A. Imandoust, A.L. Oppedal, K. Inal, M.A. Tschopp, H. El Kadiri, Acta Mater. 128 (2017) 270-283. DOI URL
[53]	J.A. del Valle, F. Carreño, O.A. Ruano, Acta Mater. 54 (2006) 4247-4259. DOI URL
[54]	D. Wu, R.S. Chen, E.H. Han, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 2856-2863. DOI URL
[55]	J. Koike, R. Ohyama, Acta Mater. 53 (2005) 1963-1972. DOI URL
[56]	S.-G. Hong, S.H. Park, C.S. Lee, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 5873-5885. DOI URL
[57]	M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, T. Nakata, H. Yan, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, J. Alloy. Compd. 668 (2016) 13-21. DOI URL
[58]	M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, T. Nakata, H. Yan, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 678 (2016) 329-338. DOI URL
[59]	P. Dobro ˇn, J. Balík, F. Chmelík, K. Illková, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, P. Lukáˇc, J. Alloy. Compd. 588 (2014) 628-632. DOI URL
[60]	J.D. Robson, N. Stanford, M.R. Barnett, Scr. Mater. 63 (2010) 823-826. DOI URL
[61]	M. Liao, B. Li, M.F. Horstemeyer, Comput. Mater. Sci. 79 (2013) 534-539. DOI URL
[62]	D.H. Kang, D.W. Kim, S. Kim, G.T. Bae, K.H. Kim, N.J. Kim, Scr. Mater. 61 (2009) 768-771. DOI URL
[63]	J.W. Park, K.S. Shin, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 688 (2017) 56-61. DOI URL