J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 87: 46-53.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.039
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zeming Gua,b,1, Qi Wanga,1, Xiaoqin Suna, Lingwei Lua, Yuwei Zhanga, Ran Wanga, Shu Jina, Yinlin Shaoa, Jun Qiana,*(
), Xiaoxiang Xua,*()
Received:2020-11-27
Revised:2021-01-04
Accepted:2021-01-04
Published:2021-10-10
Online:2021-03-08
Contact:
Jun Qian,Xiaoxiang Xu
About author:xxxu@tongji.edu.cn (X. Xu).Zeming Gu, Qi Wang, Xiaoqin Sun, Lingwei Lu, Yuwei Zhang, Ran Wang, Shu Jin, Yinlin Shao, Jun Qian, Xiaoxiang Xu. SrTiO3-CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3 solid solutions as p-type photocatalysts for Z-scheme water splitting under visible light illumination[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 87: 46-53.
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of (SrTiO3)1-x(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)x (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 1.0), standard patterns of SrTiO3 (JCPDS: 00-035-0734) and CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3 (JCPDS: 01-089-0365) are included for comparisons. Main reflection around 32° is enlarged on the right. Dotted line is a guide for the eye.
Fig. 2. Rietveld refinement of XRD data for (SrTiO3)0.95(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.05 (x = 0.05), a good R-factor and χ2 has been achieved (Rp = 7.67 %, Rwp = 9.94 %, χ2 = 1.495). The inset shows the refined crystal structure. Here, Rp = 100 × Ʃ ǀYobs - Ycalcǀ / Ʃ Yobs, Rwp = 100 × Ʃ w ǀYobs - Ycalcǀ2/ Ʃ w ǀYobsǀ2, χ2 = 100 × Ʃ w ǀYobs - Ycalcǀ2/ (Nobs - Nvar) and Yobs = observed intensity, Ycalc = calculated intensity, Nobs = number of observations, Nvar = number of variables.
| Sample | Space group | Unit cell parameters | V (Å3) | BET surface area (m2/g) | Band gap (eV) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SrTiO3 | Pm3m | a = 3.9037(1) Å | 59.492(2) | 0.2(1) | 3.3(1) |
| x = 0.05 | Pm3m | a = 3.9025(4) Å | 59.433(1) | 0.6(1) | 2.2(1) |
| x = 0.10 | Pm3m | a = 3.8982(7) Å | 59.236(9) | 2.5(1) | 2.3(1) |
| x = 0.15 | Pm3m | a = 3.8962(7) Å | 59.145(7) | 2.3(1) | 2.3(1) |
| CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3 | P21/n | a = 5.4213(3) Å | 229.18(3) | 0.1(1) | - |
| b = 5.4849(3) Å | |||||
| c = 7.7073(4) Å | |||||
| α = γ = 90° | |||||
| β = 90.07(1)° |
Table 1 Unit cell parameters, BET surface area and band gap values of sample powders, standard deviation is included in the parenthesis.
| Sample | Space group | Unit cell parameters | V (Å3) | BET surface area (m2/g) | Band gap (eV) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SrTiO3 | Pm3m | a = 3.9037(1) Å | 59.492(2) | 0.2(1) | 3.3(1) |
| x = 0.05 | Pm3m | a = 3.9025(4) Å | 59.433(1) | 0.6(1) | 2.2(1) |
| x = 0.10 | Pm3m | a = 3.8982(7) Å | 59.236(9) | 2.5(1) | 2.3(1) |
| x = 0.15 | Pm3m | a = 3.8962(7) Å | 59.145(7) | 2.3(1) | 2.3(1) |
| CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3 | P21/n | a = 5.4213(3) Å | 229.18(3) | 0.1(1) | - |
| b = 5.4849(3) Å | |||||
| c = 7.7073(4) Å | |||||
| α = γ = 90° | |||||
| β = 90.07(1)° |
Fig. 3. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) images of (SrTiO3)1-x(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)x (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 1.0): (a) SrTiO3; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.15; (e) CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3 and (f) digital photograph of all sample powders.
Fig. 4. UV-vis absorption spectra of (SrTiO3)1-x(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)x (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 1.0).
Fig. 5. XPS spectra of (SrTiO3)1-x(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)x (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 1.0): (a) O 1s; (b) Ti 2p; (c) Cr 2p and (d) Nb 3d.
Fig. 6. (a) Temporal photocatalytic H2 production of (SrTiO3)1-x(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)x (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 1.0) under visible light illumination (λ ≥ 400 nm), methanol aqueous solution (10 vol%) and 1 wt% Pt was used as sacrificial agent and cocatalyst, respectively; (b) temporal photocatalytic H2 production of (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15 loaded with different amounts of Pt cocatalyst, methanol aqueous solution (10 vol%) was used as the sacrificial agent; (c) repeated cycles of photocatalytic H2 production of (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15 under visible light illumination (λ ≥ 400 nm); (d) action spectra of (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15 for photocatalytic H2 production.
Fig. 7. Linear sweep voltammetry of SrTiO3 and (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15 under chopped (a) visible light illumination (λ ≥ 400 nm) and (b) AM 1.5 illumination; (c) Mott-Schottky analysis of SrTiO3 and (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15; (d) schematic representation of band structures of SrTiO3 and (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15.
Fig. 8. Open-circuit voltage (Voc) decay profile of (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15, visible light illumination was started once Voc was stabilized in the dark and was terminated after 100 s. Methanol (10 vol%) was added to the electrolyte after 600 s of light termination.
Fig. 9. Z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting of admixtures of (SrTiO3)0.85(CaCr0.5Nb0.5O3)0.15 (50 mg) and WO3 (50 mg) under visible light illumination (λ ≥ 400 nm), 1 wt% Pt was loaded onto both compounds as the cocatalyst, NaI/NaIO3 aqueous solution (5 mM) was used as the redox shutter, evacuation was performed every 2.5 h.
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