Surface photodynamic ion sterilization of ITO-Cu2O/ZnO preventing touch infection

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.064

Abstract

Abstract:

Pathogenic microbial infections are threatening the people's health and even life. The most common channel of infections can be caused by skin contact, especially hand touching facilities such as touching screen. In this work, Cu₂O covered with ZnO nanofilm was prepared on the surface of indium tin oxide conductive glass by electrodeposition and the followed atomic layer deposition process. This composite coating had a light transmittance of 71.5%, which met the light transmission needs of touch screen device. Electron spin resonance spectra showed that composite materials can generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than a single component under solar light irradiation. This was because a p-n junction with a built-in electric field was formed at the interface after Cu₂O contacting with ZnO. In the process of photocatalysis, photogenerated electrons and holes migrated at the interface driven by the built-in electric field, which promoted the separation of carriers. The antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus reached 92.5% after 3 min of light irradiation with simulated sunlight due to the synergy of ROS and Cu ions, Zn ions. Therefore, this work may provide a potential method for antibacterial application of preventing hand touch infections.

Key words: Antibacterial, Cu₂O, ZnO, Contact infection, Photodynamic ion sterilization

Zexin Liu, Xiangmei Liu, Zhenduo Cui, Yufeng Zheng, Zhaoyang Li, Yanqin Liang, Xubo Yuan, Shengli Zhu, Shuilin Wu. Surface photodynamic ion sterilization of ITO-Cu₂O/ZnO preventing touch infection[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 122: 10-19.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1. Shortcoming of other antibacterial methods for preventing touch infection.

Antibacterial methods	Disadvantages of being used to preventing touch infection
Chemical disinfectants	1 Needing to be sprayed regularly 2 Causing environmental pollutions
UV disinfection	1 Cause adverse damage to human health
Photothermal sterilization	1 Overheating cause certain damage to some specific equipment 2 Not suitable for people to continue to use due to overheating
Physical puncture	1 Depending on the motility of bacteria and the nature of nanoneedle itself 2 The nanoneedle will break when the finger keeps touching
Ultrasound and microwave excited bacteria-killing	1 Requiring special equipment 2 High-cost

Fig. 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the Cu2O/ZnO heterojunction; (B) Photographs of each group of samples (Scale bar, 0.5 cm); (C) Photograph of the ITO-Cu2O/ZnO sample placed on the surface of the phone (Scale bar, 0.5 cm); (D) Light transmittance of each group of samples. The error bar means ± standard deviations (n = 3 independent samples): ****p < 0.0001.

Fig. 2. (A) Low magnification SEM images of ITO-Cu2O/ZnO (Scale bar, 50 μm); (B, C) High magnification SEM images of ITO-Cu2O (B), ITO-Cu2O/ZnO (C) (Scale bar, 2 μm); (D) TEM images of Cu2O/ZnO (Scale bar, 1 μm); (E) HRTEM images of Cu2O/ZnO (Scale bar, 2 nm); (F) SAED pattern of Cu2O/ZnO; (G) EDS detection of Cu2O/ZnO; (H) Elemental mapping of Cu2O/ZnO by TEM (Scale bar, 1 μm).

Fig. 3. XPS spectra of as synthesized samples. (A) XPS survey scan; (B) High-resolution of Cu 2p for ITO-Cu2O; (C) High-resolution of Zn 2p for ITO-ZnO and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO; (D)-(F) High-solution of O 1s for ITO-Cu2O (D), ITO-ZnO (E), ITO-Cu2O/ZnO (F).

Fig. 4. (A) UV-vis absorption spectra of ITO, ITO-Cu2O, ITO-ZnO, and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO; (B) Plots of the (αhν)2 versus photon energy (hν) for ITO-Cu2O, ITO-ZnO and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO.

Fig. 5. (A) Transient photocurrent responses, (B) EIS tests, (C) ESR tests of ITO-Cu2O, ITO-ZnO and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO; (D) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity.

Fig. 6. (A) Spread plates and (B) corresponding strain counts of ITO, ITO-Cu2O, ITO-ZnO, ITO-Cu2O/ZnO in the absence and presence of solar light. The error bar means ± standard deviations (n = 3 independent samples): **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

Fig. 7. SEM images for S. aureus incubated with different samples of ITO, ITO-Cu2O, ITO-ZnO and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO treated with or without light irradiation (Scale bar, 1 μm).

Fig. 8. Scheme of the antibacterial mechanism of photodynamic ion sterilization by the synergistic effect of ROS, released Cu ions and Zn ions.

Fig. 9. SEM images of ITO-Cu2O and ITO-Cu2O/ZnO after being immersed in PBS solution for 0 h, 12 h and 24 h (Scale bar, 2 μm).

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Surface photodynamic ion sterilization of ITO-Cu₂O/ZnO preventing touch infection

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