The importance of H2 in the controlled growth of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.067

Abstract

Abstract:

H₂ is considered an indispensable component of the atmosphere for the growth of high-quality single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by chemical vapor deposition. However, details of the roles H₂ playing are still unclear due to the complex conditions of SWCNT growth. In this study, we elucidate the functions of H₂ in the selective growth of semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) by using monodispersed uniform Fe nanoparticles as a catalyst. High-quality s-SWCNTs were synthesized by finely tuning the concentration of H₂ and the other growth parameters. Experimental data combined with atomistic simulations indicate that H₂ not only adjusts the concentration of the carbon source, but also serves as a mild etchant that selectively removes small carbon caps grown by a perpendicular mode from the Fe nanoparticles. These results provide useful hints for the controlled growth of SWCNTs with a semiconducting or metallic conductivity, and even a specific chirality.

Key words: Single-wall carbon nanotubes, Controlled growth, Semiconducting, Growth mode, H₂

Feng Zhang, Jia Sun, Yonggang Zheng, Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, Min Cheng, Xin Li, Hui-Ming Cheng, Zhen Chen. The importance of H₂ in the controlled growth of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54: 105-111.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. (a-d) Schematics showing the preparation of Fe nanoparticles by block copolymer self-assembly. (e) AFM image of BCP micelles. (f) Diameter distribution of the micelles as measured by AFM. (g) TEM image of monodispersed Fe nanoparticles, and (h) their diameter distribution measured by TEM.

Fig. 2. The morphologies and diameter distributions of SWCNTs grown from Fe nanoparticles under (a, b, c) H2 and (d, e, f) Ar atmospheres. (a, d) SEM images, (b, e) TEM images, and (c, f) histograms of the diameter distribution.

Fig. 3. Multi-wavelength resonance Raman spectra of the SWCNTs grown in (a-c) H2 and (d-f) Ar atmospheres. Raman spectra in the RBM region excited by (a, d) 532 nm, (b, e) 633 nm, and (c, f) 785 nm lasers. The regions corresponding to semiconducting and metallic transitions are labeled S and M, respectively.

Fig. 4. The numbers of pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal carbon rings in the carbon cap network as a function of time: (a) (5, 5) cap on a Fe55 nanoparticle, (b) (5, 5) cap on a Fe147 nanoparticle, (c) (10, 0) cap on Fe55 nanoparticle, and (d) (10, 0) cap on a Fe147 nanoparticle. Insets show the etched cap/nanoparticle systems at various stages.

Fig. 5. Schematics showing the working mechanism of H2 in the controlled growth of SWCNTs with a uniform structure. (a) Carbon source molecules decompose on the surface of Fe nanoparticles. (b) Carbon dissolves in the Fe nanoparticles and precipitates after saturation in form of a carbon cap on the surface. (c) Small carbon caps that nucleate in the perpendicular mode are etched away by atomic H. (d) s-SWCNTs with uniform diameters are obtained in a H2 atmosphere.

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The importance of H₂ in the controlled growth of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes

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