Evaluating and Modeling the Mechanical Properties of the Prepared PLGA/nano-BCP Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Abstract: In this paper, preparation of nano-biphasic calcium phosphate (nBCP), mechanical behavior and load-bearing of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and PLGA/nBCP are presented. The nBCP with composition of 63/37 (w/w) HA/β-TCP (hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate) was produced by heating of bovine bone at 700°C. Composite scaffolds were made by using PLGA matrix and 10-50 wt% nBCP powders as reinforcement material. All scaffolds were prepared by thermally induced solid-liquid phase separation (TIPS) at -60°C under 4 Pa (0.04 mbar) vacuum. The results of elastic modulus testing were adjusted with Ishai-Cohen and Narkis models for rigid polymeric matrix and compared to each other. PLGA/nBCP scaffolds with 30 wt% nBCP showed the highest value of yield strength among the scaffolds. In addition, it was found that by increasing the nBCP in scaffolds to 50 wt%, the modulus of elasticity was highly enhanced. However, the optimum value of yield strength was obtained at 30 wt% nBCP, and the agglomeration of reinforcing particles at higher percentages caused a reduction in yield strength. It is clear that the elastic modulus of matrix has the significant role in elastic modulus of scaffolds, as also the size of the filler particles in the matrix.

Key words: Scaffold, Bone tissue engineering, Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), Biphasic calcium phosphate, Porous composite

Mehdi Ebrahimian-Hosseinabadi Fakhredin Ashrafizadeh Mohammadreza Etemadifar Subbu S. Venkatraman. Evaluating and Modeling the Mechanical Properties of the Prepared PLGA/nano-BCP Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering[J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2011, 27(12): 1105-1112.

References

[1 ] J.P. Fisher, A.G. Mikos and J.D. Bronzino: Tissue Engineering, New York, CRC Press, 2007, 21.

[2 ] M. Biondi, F. Ungaro, F. Quaglia and P.A. Netti: Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2008, 60, 229.

[3 ] P.X. Ma: Materials Today, 2004, 30, 5.

[4 ] P.X. Ma and J. Elissee®: Sca®olding in Tissue Engineering. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, 241.

[5 ] K. Rezwan, Q.Z. Chen, J.J. Blaker and A.R. Boccaccini: Biomaterials, 2006, 27, 3413.

[6 ] H.S. Nalwa: Handbook of Nanostructured Biomaterials and Their Applications in Nanobiotechnology, American Scienti¯c Publishers, Los Angeles, 2005, 393.

[7 ] J. Huang, Y.W. Lin and X.W. Fu: J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med., 2007, 18, 2151.

[8 ] S.S. Kim, M.S. Park, O. Jeon, C.Y. Choi and B.S. Kim: Biomaterials, 2006, 27, 1399.

[9 ] E.M. Christenson, K.S. Anseth, J.J.J.P. van den Beucken, C.K. Chan, B. Ercan, J.A. Jansen, C.T. Laurencin, W.J. Li, R. Murugan, L.S. Nair, S. Ramakrishna, R.S. Tuan, T.J. Webster and A.G. Mikos: J. Orthop. Res., 2006, 1, 11.

[10] A.J. Crosby and J.Y. Lee: Poly. Rev., 2007, 47, 217.

[11] G. Wei and P.X. Ma: Biomaterials, 2004, 25, 4749.

[12] F.G. Torres, S.N. Nazhat, S.H.S.M. Fadzullah, V. Maquet and A.R. Boccaccini: Compos. Sci. Technol., 2007, 67, 1139.

[13] W.J.E.M. Habraken, J.G.C. Wolke and J.A. Jansen: Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2007, 59, 234.

[14] F. Bronner, M. Farach-Carson and A. Mikos: Engineering of Functional Skeletal Tissues, London, Springer, 2007, 95.

[15] R.L. Reis and S. Weiner: Learning from Nature How to Design New Implantable Biomaterials: From Biomineralization Fundamentals to Biomimetic Materials

and Processing Routes, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2005, 57.

[16] N. Ignjatovic, P. Ninkov, Z. Ajdukovic, D. VasiljevicRadovic and D. Uskokovic: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 27, 1589.

[17] N. Ignjatovic, Z. Ajdukovic and D. Uskokovic: J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 2005, 16, 621.

[18] F.H. Lin, C.J. Liao, K.S. Chen, J.S. Sun and C.Y. Lin: J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2000, 51, 157.

[19] S. Raynaud, E. Champion, D. Benache-Assollant and J. Laval: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2001, 84(2), 359.

[20] L.J. Gibson and M.F. Ashby: Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, 2nd edn, Cambridge, 1997.

[21] S. Ahmed and F.R. Jones: J. Mater. Sci., 1990, 25, 4933.

[22] B.H. Fellah, O. Gauthier, P. Weiss, D. Chappard and P. Layrolle: Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 1177.

[23] L.E. Nilsen and R.F. Landel: Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, 2nd edn, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1994.

[24] C. Deng, J. Weng, X. Lu, S.B. Zhou, J.X. Wan, S.X. Qu, B. Feng, X.H. Li and Q.Y. Cheng: Mater. Lett., 2008, 62, 607.

[25] T. Kasuga, U. Ota, M. Nogami and Y. Abe: Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 19.

[26] R.N. Rothon: Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites, Rapra Technology Limited, United Kingdom, 2003, 424.

[27] M.H. Fathi and M. Kharaziha: Mater. Lett., 2009, 63, 1455.

[28] R. Barbucci: Integrated Biomaterials Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2002, 599.

[1]	Yuan Zhang, Guoqi Tan, Da Jiao, Jian Zhang, Shaogang Wang, Feng Liu, Zengqian Liu, Longchao Zhuo, Zhefeng Zhang, Sylvain Deville, Robert O. Ritchie. Ice-templated porous tungsten and tungsten carbide inspired by natural wood [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 45(0): 187-197.
[2]	Wang Guo, Wei Liu, Li Xu, Pei Feng, Yanru Zhang, Wenjing Yang, Cijun Shuai. Halloysite nanotubes loaded with nano silver for the sustained-release of antibacterial polymer nanocomposite scaffolds [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 46(0): 237-247.
[3]	Xiao You, Jinshan Yang, Mengmeng Wang, Hongda Wang, Le Gao, Shaoming Dong. Interconnected graphene scaffolds for functional gas sensors with tunable sensitivity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 58(0): 16-23.
[4]	Wei Cui, Qibin Song, Huhu Su, Zhiqing Yang, Rui Yang, Na Li, Xing Zhang. Synergistic effects of Mg-substitution and particle size of chicken eggshells on hydrothermal synthesis of biphasic calcium phosphate nanocrystals [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36(0): 27-36.
[5]	Peng Wen, Yu Qin, Yanzhe Chen, Maximilian Voshage, Lucas Jauer, Reinhart Poprawe, Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum. Laser additive manufacturing of Zn porous scaffolds: Shielding gas flow, surface quality and densification [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(2): 368-376.
[6]	Baihao You, Qingtao Li, Hua Dong, Tao Huang, Xiaodong Cao, Hua Liao. Bilayered HA/CS/PEGDA hydrogel with good biocompatibility and self-healing property for potential application in osteochondral defect repair [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(6): 1016-1025.
[7]	Fariborz Tavangarian, Abbas Fahami, Guoqiang Li, Mohammadhassan Kazemi, Anoosha Forghani. Structural characterization and strengthening mechanism of forsterite nanostructured scaffolds synthesized by multistep sintering method [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(12): 2263-2270.
[8]	Li Yang,Liu Xuqiang,Tan Lili,Ren Ling,Wan Peng,Hao Yongqiang,Qu Xinhua,Yang Ke,Dai Kerong. Enoxacin-loaded Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) Coating on Porous Magnesium Scaffold as a Drug Delivery System: Antibacterial Properties and Inhibition of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(9): 865-873.
[9]	Pan Ting,Song Wenjing,Cao Xiaodong,Wang Yingjun. 3D Bioplotting of Gelatin/Alginate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Influence of Crosslinking Degree and Pore Architecture on Physicochemical Properties [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(9): 889-900.
[10]	Hou Jie,Gao Huichang,Wang Yingjun,Cheng Delin,Cao Xiaodong. Effect of Mineralized Layer Topographies on Stem Cell Behavior in Microsphere Scaffold [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(9): 971-977.
[11]	Sadat-Shojai Mehdi. Electrospun Polyhydroxybutyrate/Hydroxyapatite Nanohybrids: Microstructure and Bone Cell Response [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(10): 1013-1020.
[12]	Weizhong Yang, Guangfu Yin, Dali Zhou, Jianwen Gu, Yadong Li, Hujun Zhang. Biocompatibility of Surface-Modified Biphasic Calcium Phosphate/Poly-L-Lactide Biocomposite in vitro and in vivo [J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2010, 26(8): 754-758.
[13]	Fang Geng,Lili Tan,Bingchun Zhang,Chunfu Wu,Yonglian He,Jingyu Yang,Ke Yang. Study on β-TCP Coated Porous Mg as a Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold Material [J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2009, 25(01): 123-129.