J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2020, Vol. 45: 187-197.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.10.021
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yuan Zhanga,b, Guoqi Tana,c, Da Jiaoa, Jian Zhanga, Shaogang Wanga, Feng Liub, Zengqian Liua,c,*(), Longchao Zhuod,**(), Zhefeng Zhanga,c,*(), Sylvain Devillee, Robert O. Ritchief
Received:
2019-09-14
Accepted:
2019-10-18
Published:
2020-05-15
Online:
2020-05-27
Contact:
Zengqian Liu,Longchao Zhuo,Zhefeng Zhang
Yuan Zhang, Guoqi Tan, Da Jiao, Jian Zhang, Shaogang Wang, Feng Liu, Zengqian Liu, Longchao Zhuo, Zhefeng Zhang, Sylvain Deville, Robert O. Ritchie. Ice-templated porous tungsten and tungsten carbide inspired by natural wood[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 45: 187-197.
Fig. 1. (a) Viscosities of aqueous solutions containing varying contents of HPMC. The inset illustrates the sedimentation of a solid powder with diameter d in a viscous liquid with viscosity η caused by gravity. (b, c) Variations in the viscosities of suspensions and the sedimentation distances of solid powders during the freezing process as a function of the solid load for the (b) W and (c) WC systems. The fitting curves for viscosities were obtained from Eq. (1) with the goodness-of-fit indicated in the figure. The sedimentation distances were fitted according to Eq. (S2) in the Supplementary Materials.
Fig. 2. SEM morphologies of the longitudinal cross-sections at the middle regions of sintered scaffolds with differing solid loads for (a-d) W and (e-h) WC systems.
Fig. 3. Three-dimensional XRT volume renderings and corresponding cross-sectional slices of sintered scaffolds of the (a) W and (b) WC systems with 76.3 and 73.9 wt.% solid loads, respectively.
Fig. 4. Schematic illustrations of the structural characteristics of the W and WC scaffolds and magnified views of their lamellae indicating the intra-lamellar pores.
Fig. 5. Structural characteristics of the W and WC scaffolds. (a, b) Variations in the (a) lamellar thickness and (b) inter- and intra-lamellar porosities of the W and WC scaffolds as a function of solid load. The data are expressed in the form of average ± standard deviation. Vertical columns with their centers along the x-axis denoting specific solid loads are used in (b) for clarity. (c) SEM images of the lamellae showing differing degrees of densification between the W and WC systems. (d) Dependences of the aspect ratios of inter-lamellar pores on the solid loads.
Fig. 6. (a) Variations in the area densities of the interconnections between lamellae as a function of the solid load for W and WC scaffolds. The insets show representative morphologies of lamellar bridging and bifurcation. (b) Schematic illustrations of the interconnections between lamellae for quantitative analysis. (c) Variations in the parameter m and the structural morphologies of the W and WC scaffolds with solid load. (d) Relationship between the parameter m and the aspect ratios of inter-lamellar pores for the scaffolds.
Fig. 7. Mechanical properties of the W and WC scaffolds. (a, b) Representative compressive stress-strain curves of the (a) W and (b) WC scaffolds with varying solid loads. The curves are shifted horizontally for clarity. The insets show typical macroscopic morphologies of the scaffolds after failure. (c, d) Variations in the (c) compressive strengths and (d) energy absorption densities before failure of the scaffolds as a function of the solid load.
Fig. 9. Relationships between the compressive strengths and porosities for the W and WC scaffolds and the quantitative descriptions (a) following the Gibson-Ashby model for open-cell foams with isotropic and unidirectional pores [54], respectively, and (b) based on the present model by taking both inter- and intra-lamellar pores into account. The insets illustrate the different types of pores involved in the analytical models.
Fig. 10. Variations in the failure strains of the (a) W and (b) WC scaffolds as a function of the total porosity, and schematic illustrations of their fracture mechanisms with the effects of porosity.
Fig. 11. SEM morphology of a W-Cu composite made by infiltration with a Cu melt into the present W scaffolds. The light and gray phases are W and Cu, respectively.
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