Recent progress on multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding polymer composites

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.031

Abstract

Abstract:

The explosive development of electronic devices and wireless communication technology gives rise to the issue of electromagnetic pollution, known as electromagnetic interference (EMI). The accumulation of undesirable electromagnetic radiation in space disturbs the normal function of unshielded electronic appliances and poses seriously threat to human health. Thus, the development of EMI shielding materials have emerged to solve the grim problem. Considering the complex application contexts, EMI shielding materials have evolved from traditional single-function to multi-functions to meet the ever-increasing application requirements in recent few years. This paper provides detailed insight into the current research status and future challenges in the advancement of polymer-based EMI shielding materials with various functions. First, the basic theory of EMI shielding, factors influencing results and the dominating characterization technologies for EMI shielding properties are summarized. Then, the comprehensive descriptions of the seven types of multifunctional EMI shields are provided with respect to their structures, fabrication methods and specific functions. Meanwhile, the corresponding critical scientific and technical issues are proposed. Based on our comprehensive analysis, the main challenges in the development of multifunctional EMI shielding materials are presented. This review aims to provide some guidance and inspire more efforts toward functional EMI shielding material research to satisfy the growing requirements for next-generation electronic systems.

Key words: Polymer-based composites, Electromagnetic interference shielding, Multiple losses, Multifunctionality

Ke Tian, Danrong Hu, Quan Wei, Qiang Fu, Hua Deng. Recent progress on multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding polymer composites[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 134: 106-131.

Figures/Tables 18

Fig. 1. Brief introduction of EMI shielding materials with multifunctionalities. “Electrothermal”, reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. “Self-healing”, reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. “Visible transparent”, reproduced with permission [32]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. “Flame retardant”, reproduced with permission [33]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. “Hydrophobic”, reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. “Sensing”, reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. “Thermal conductive”, reproduced with permission [36] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of EMI shielding mechanisms and skin depth of an EMI shielding material.

Fig. 4. Structures, thermal conductivities and EMI shielding properties of thermal conductive EMI shielding materials with (a) segregated structure [36], Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (b) Multilayered structure [137], Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (c) Monolithic carbon film [138], Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Table 1. Summary of electrothermal polymer composites with different structures for the purpose of EMI shielding.

Substrate	Nanomaterial	Structure	Electrothermal	EMI SE (dB)	Refs.
PC	MXene	2-layer	∼ 100 °C, 13 V	> 20, X band	[64]
ANF	MXene/Ag NWs	2-layer	115 °C, 2.5 V	48.1, X band	[181]
PVDF/PI	MXene	Sandwich	> 80 °C, 6.5 V	40.2, X band	[182]
PTFE/PI	MXene	Sandwich	110 °C, 6 V	44, X band	[61]
PVA	Ag NWs	Sandwich	∼ 55 °C, 1.5 V	52, X band	[183]
PLA	MXene	Multilayer	53 °C, 1.5 V	55.4, X band	[176]
NR	CNT/BN	Multilayer	∼ 103 °C, 2.5 V	22.4, X band	[184]
CNF	MXene	Multilayer	100 °C, 6 V	∼ 40, X band	[179]
GF	CuS	Fabric	209 °C, 1.5 V	61, 300 kHz-3 GHz	[146]
CF	NiCo	Fabric	∼ 100 °C, 5 V	87, X band	[185]
FG	MXene	Fabric	∼ 95 °C, 4 V	90.2, X band	[186]
PA	Ni-W-P	Fabric	140 °C, 2 V	43.6, 2-12.5 GHz	[187]
CF	MXene/PANI/LM	Fabric	56 °C, 3 V	52, X band	[188]
PMIA	Ag NWs/PEDOT:PSS	Fabric	∼ 110 °C, 2.5 V	56.6, X band	[151]
ANF	CNTs	Porous	113.5 °C, 10 V	54.4, X band	[30]
CNF	Ag NWs	Porous	140 °C, 0.5 V	∼ 81.2, X band	[189]
PEI	CNTs	Porous	53 °C, 10 V	30.3, X band	[190]
PEI	CNTs	Porous	∼ 160 °C, 15 V	> 30, X band	[191]
-	Carbon network	Porous	90.2 °C, 2 V	54.9, 18-27 GHz	[171]

Table 2. The key properties of transparent EMI shielding films derived from various nanomaterials.

Substrate	Nanomaterial	Structure	EMI SE (dB)	Transparency	Refs.
PET	GE	Multilayer	19.1, K band	80.5%	[276]
PEI	rGO	Multilayer	6.4, 0.5-8.5 GHz	62%	[277]
Sapphire wafer	CNTs	2-layer	21.4, X band	71.4%	[278]
PET	Ag NWs	2-layer	25, X band	90%	[279]
CA/PU	Ag NWs	Sandwich	31.3, X band	81%	[280]
PET/PMMA	Ag NWs	Sandwich	21.3, X band	95.6%	[281]
Quartz	Ag mesh	2-layer	26, Ku band	91%	[271]
PDDA	Ag NWs	2-layer	31.3, X band	86.8%	[282]
PET/PDMS	AgNTs	Sandwich	∼ 20, X band	90%	[283]
PET	AgNFs	2-layer	> 50, X band	75%	[284]
PES/PET	CuNWs	Sandwich	22, X band	73%	[285]
PET	ITO, Ag-, Cu NPs	Sandwich	26, 8-40 GHz	96.5%	[286]
PET	Ag NWs/rGO	Sandwich	42.9, 0.03-1.8 GHz	74.4%	[287]
Quartz	GE/Al	Sandwich	47.8 Ku band	85%	[288]
PI	Ag NWs/Cu NPs	2-layer	35, 0-1500 GHz	58%	[289]
PET	Ag NWs/MXene	2-layer	49.2, X band	83%	[32]
PET	Ag/ZnO	Multilayer	> 62, 4-40 GHz	90%	[76]
PET	Ag NWs/Fe₃O₄	2-layer	24.9, X band	90%	[290]
-	Metal-mesh/GE	Hydrid film	14.1, Ku band	90.5%	[291]
-	Ag NWs/rGO	Hybrid film	35.5, X band	91.1%	[292]
Acrylic	Ag NWs/rGO	2-layer	24, 0.03-3 GHz	85%	[293]
Glass	Ag NWs/PEDOT:PSS	2-layer	30.5, 1-12 GHz	91%	[294]
-	GE/MgF	Sandwich	8.1, X band	89.4%	[295]
-	GNS/Ag NWs	Hybrid film	26, Ku, K band	78.4%	[296]
PET	rGO/Ag NWs	2-layer	33.6, X band	81.9%	[297]

Fig. 5. Multilayered EMI shielding composites with electrothermal properties. Structures, electro-heating and EMI shielding properties of (a) 2-layer ANF/MXene-Ag NWs composite [181], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (b) 3-layer PVA/Ag NWs composite with sandwiched structure [183], Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH; (c) Alternating CNF and MXene multilayers [179], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6. (a) Flexible CF/NiCo fabric [185], Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (b) ANF/CNTs sponge [30], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society, that used as electrothermal element with the purpose of EMI shielding.

Fig. 7. Honeycomb porous graphene (HPG)-based EMI shield with strain sensing function. (a) Photograph and SEM image of the HPG surface morphology, and (b) EMI SE of the HPG at 10 GHz. (c) Strain sensing behaviors and multifunctional applications of the HPG sensor used to monitor pulse signal, respiration signal, and sounds [213]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 8. (a) Schematic representation of the sensing mechanism of the leather/Ag NWs nanocomposite upon pressing and (b) relative current changes and corresponding GFs of the leather/Ag NWs sensor responds to various pressures. Current responses upon (c) the repeated pressure of fingertip, (d) finger bending with gradually increased angles and (e) repeatedly speaking “DOG” [35]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 9. (a) EMI shielding MXene/Ag NW silk textiles with humidity detection function [225]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (b) Functional PANI/MXene/Cotton fabrics with acid/alkali responsive and EMI shielding performances [226]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 10. Flame retardant EMI shielding composites with dispersed FRs; (a) Schematic of layer-multiplying co-extrusion technique to produce flame retardant TPU/CNTs composite. (b) EMI shielding properties and (c) schematic of the burning behaviors of the multilayered FR filled TPU/CNTs [244]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. Flame retardant cotton fabric decorated with FR coating; (d) Diagrammatic illustration of FR and Ag NWs treated cotton fabric. (e) EMI SE, and (f) real-time images of vertical flame tests for pristine cotton (a1, a2, a3), cotton coated with 4-bilayers FRs coating (b1, b2, b3) and cotton coated with 4-bilayers FRs coating and Ag NWs (c1, c2, c3) [245]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 11. (a) Illustration of the preparation process of ANF/MXene composite film with inherent flame retardancy. (b) SE values of composite films with different contents of MXene nanosheets and (c) digital image the composite film after heating on an alcohol lamp for 60 s [267]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 12. Structures, photographs of transmittance demonstration and EMI shielding properties of transparent EMI shielding film derived from different nanomaterials. (a) Ultrathin large-area single crystal graphene [295], Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (b) Crackle templated Ag mesh [271], Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (c) Double sized silver layer sandwiched by oxides film [298], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d) rGO/Ag NWs hybrid film [32], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 13. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedures of hydrophobic MXene foam. (b) Cross-sectional SEM images of the MXene film and the MXene foam, and (c) the corresponding results of WCA test. (d) EMI SE of the MXene foam at different thicknesses [332]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 14. (a) Schematic of the fabrication of the hydrophobic PVDF/GE/CNTs film with raspy surface. (b) SEM image of the imparted hierarchical surface and (c) photographs display the self-cleaning ability of the hydrophobic composite film. (d) Curves of SET for the composite film [322]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Fig. 15. (a) Schematic illustration for preparation of PP fabric with in-situ grown Ag NPs and PFDT coating. (b) CAs between the composite fabric surface and the aqueous solution droplets with different pH. (c) EMI SE of the treated PP fabric with different dipping time in silver trifluoroacetate in the X band [59]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 16. Self-healing PU/GO/CNT EMI shielding composite. (a) Schematic representation of PU/GO/CNT composite with segregated conductive network for EMI shielding. (b) Self-healing mechanism of PU/GO/CNT composite based on DA bond, and (c) EMI SE versus healing cycles of the composite [31]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature.

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