Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation process of superhydrophobic photothermal CSF coating.

Fig. 1. (a) Representative SEM images and (b) contact angle images of different sample surfaces. (c) EDS mapping of G-CSF surface. (d) Changes in surface temperature of different samples in PBS under NIR irradiation (2 W/cm2), the corresponding infrared thermal images were shown right.

Fig. 2. (a,b) Representative SEM images of attached (a) P. aeruginosa and (b) S. aureus on different surfaces with/without NIR irradiation (1.5 W/cm2, 5 min). The live P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were pseudo-colored green and yellow, respectively. The dead bacteria were pseudo-colored red. The numbers of formed bacterial colonies are summarized in (c) and (d). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). # indicates negligible colony formation (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

Fig. 3. (a) Representative fluorescence images of E. coli (DH5α-pBADDs) attached on the surfaces of a glass slide that was half-coated with CSF. (b) Representative SEM images of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus on the glass and G-CSF surface. The P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were pseudo-colored green and yellow, respectively. (c) Representative photographs of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus colonies formed on agar plates for different surfaces. The corresponding numbers of formed bacterial colonies are summarized in (d). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3) (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

Fig. 4. Representative SEM images of P. aeruginosa biofilms formed on sample surfaces after 1, 2, and 3 days. The bacteria were pseudo-colored green. The NIR irradiation condition is 1.5 W/cm2 for 5 min (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

Fig. 5. Representative SEM images of S. aureus biofilms formed on sample surfaces after 1, 3, and 5 days. The bacteria were pseudo-colored yellow. The NIR irradiation condition is 1.5 W/cm2 for 5 min (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

Fig. 6. Numbers of (a) P. aeruginosa and (b) S. aureus colonies of biofilms formed on different surfaces after different periods. The NIR irradiation condition is 1.5 W/cm2 for 5 min. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Fig. 7. Representative images of well plates showing CV-stained biofilms of (a) P. aeruginosa and (b) S. aureus. on different surfaces after different periods. The corresponding OD values were shown right. The NIR irradiation condition is 1.5 W/cm2 for 5 min. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Scheme 2. Schematic illustration of biofilm formation on different types of surfaces. (I) photothermal surface; (II) superhydrophobic surface; (III) superhydrophobic photothermal surface.

Fig. 8. (a) Representative photographs of different substrates before and after modification. (b-d) Representative SEM images (b), contact angle images (c), and changes in surface temperature (d) of CSF coated sample surfaces. (e) Representative photographs of P. aeruginosa colonies formed on agar plates for different samples with NIR irradiation (1.5 W/cm2 for 5 min).