Improving dispersion and delamination of graphite in biodegradable starch materials via constructing cation-π interaction: Towards microwave shielding enhancement

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.04.045

Abstract

Abstract:

Herein, a low-cost, biodegradable, and high-performance microwave shielding graphite/starch material was fabricated via constructing a cation-π interaction between ammonium ions and graphite. The graphite flakes and starch were firstly mixed with distilled water containing ammonium hydroxide to form graphite/starch slurry under an ultrasonic assistant. The cation-π interaction could improve delamination degree and dispersion of graphite in starch matrix. The slurry was first used as a coating material on the surface of wood and paper to develop shielding packages. The effect of coating thickness and coating layers on EM shielding property of the materials was investigated. Second, the composites with a high orientation of graphite were fabricated by compression at high pressures. The electrical conductivity and EM shielding effectiveness (SE_T) of the materials were greatly enhanced by construction of cation-π interaction and orientation of graphite. Specifically, the EM SE_T values increased from 56.9 to 66.8 dB for the composites with 50 wt.% graphite and 2.0 mm in thickness by constructing cation-π interaction. The EM SE_T values raised from 17.4 to 66.8 dB via the graphite orientation in the materials with the same components and thickness. The shielding mechanism of the compressed composites with orientation dispersion of graphite was also discussed in comparison to the coating layer with random dispersion of graphite.

Key words: Electromagnetic shielding, Graphite, Starch, Bio-degradable, Cation-π interaction

Yi Yang, Jun-Ru Tao, Dian Yang, Qian-Ming He, Xu-Dong Chen, Ming Wang. Improving dispersion and delamination of graphite in biodegradable starch materials via constructing cation-π interaction: Towards microwave shielding enhancement[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 129: 196-205.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1. Processing procedures of (a) the graphite/starch slurry and (b) the graphite/starch coatings and composites from the slurry.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD curves, (b) Raman spectra of graphite, graphite treated by ultrasonic, and graphite treated by ultrasonic and cation-π interaction. (c) Schematic illustration of delamination effect of cation-π interaction for graphite. SEM images of (d, g) graphite, (e, h) graphite treated by ultrasonic, and (f, i) graphite treated by ultrasonic and cation-π interaction. TEM images of (j, k) graphite treated by ultrasonic and (l, m) graphite treated by ultrasonic and cation-π interaction.

Fig. 3. Digital photos of the surface for the graphite/starch coating absent (a-d) or in the presence of cation-π interaction (e-h) with different content of graphite: 1 (a, e), 5 (b, f), 10 (c, g), and 50 wt.% (d, h). (i) Digital photos of the graphite/starch aqueous slurry with the weight ratio of 1:1 for graphite/starch. The scale bar is 1 mm for all images.

Fig. 4. SEM images of cross-section for the graphite/starch coating layer absent (a-d) or in the presence of cation-π interaction (e-h) with different content of graphite: 1 (a, e), 5 (b, f), 10 (c, g), and 50 wt.% (d, h). The scale bar is 10 μm for all images.

Fig. 5. (a-c) SEM images of graphite/starch coating on paper, (d) effect of coating thickness on EM SET of the paperboard with one-side coating and the paperboard thickness of 1.30 mm, (e) effect of coating thickness on EM SET of the paperboard with two-side coatings and the paperboard thickness of 1.30 mm, (f) effect of paperboard thickness on EM SET of the paperboard with two-side coatings, (g) Salisbury screen effect of the paperboard samples with two-side coatings. The content of graphite and graphene sheets is 50 wt.% in the coatings.

Fig. 6. (a, d) Out-of-plane SEM images of the graphite/starch coatings with 50 wt.% graphite, (b, e) out-of-plane and (c, f) in-plane SEM images of the graphite/starch composites with 50 wt.% graphite, (g) comparison of EM SET for graphite/starch coatings and composites with or w/o cation-π interaction with 50 wt.% graphite, (h) effect of graphite content on EM SET of the graphite/starch composites with cation-π interaction, (i) effect of thickness on EM SET of the graphite/starch composites with cation-π interaction.

Fig. 7. (a) Electrical conductivity and (d) A, R, T coefficients at 12.4 GHz of the composites and coatings with or w/o cation-π interaction containing 50 wt.% graphite. (b) Electrical conductivity and (e) A, R, T coefficients at 12.4 GHz of the composites with cation-π interaction and different graphite content. (c) Electrical conductivity and (f) A, R, T coefficients at 12.4 GHz of the composites with cation-π interaction and different thicknesses.

Fig. 8. EM shielding mechanism of (a) the graphite/starch coatings and (b) the composites. (c) Comparison of EM SET for the coatings and composites with the reported biodegradable polymer composites [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70]. (d-h) One application for the EM shielding coating: (d) a coated wood box for shielding, (e) connecting WiFi and (f) giving a call without shielding, (g) a shielding box between a radiated phone and a detector, and (h) a radiated phone in the shielding box.

References 70

[1]	Y. Han, K. Ruan, J. Gu, Nano Res. 15 (2022) 4747-4755. DOI URL
[2]	M. Roosli, Environ. Res. 107 (2008) 277-287. DOI URL
[3]	Y. Zhang, K. Ruan, J. Gu, Small 17 (2021) 2101951. DOI URL
[4]	M.S. Cao, Y.Z. Cai, P. He, J.C. Shu, W.Q. Cao, J. Yuan, Chem. Eng. J. 359 (2019) 1265-1302. DOI URL
[5]	B. Sarkar, X. Li, E. Quenneville, L.P. Carignan, K. Wu, F. Cicoira, J. Mater. Chem. C 9 (2021) 16558-16565.
[6]	P. Song, B. Liu, H. Qiu, X. Shi, D. Cao, J. Gu, Compos. Commun. 24 (2021) 100653. DOI URL
[7]	Y. Xu, Z. Lin, K. Rajavel, T. Zhao, P. Zhu, Y. Hu, S. Rong, C.P. Wong, Nano-Micro Lett. 14 (2022) 1-15.
[8]	X. Yang, S. Fan, Y. Li, Y. Guo, Y. Li, K. Ruan, S. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Kong, J. Gu, Composites, Part A 128 (2020) 105670.
[9]	L. Zhang, Y. Chen, Q. Liu, W. Deng, Y. Yue, F. Meng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 111 (2022) 57-65. DOI URL
[10]	D. Munalli, G. Dimitrakis, D. Chronopoulos, S. Greedy, A. Long, Composites, Part B 173 (2019) 106906.
[11]	Z. Ma, X. Xiang, L. Shao, Y. Zhang, J. Gu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 61 (2022) e202200705.
[12]	L. Wang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhang, L. Chen, D. Cao, J. Gu, SusMat 1 (2021) 413-431. DOI URL
[13]	H. Wang, S. Li, M. Liu, J. Li, X. Zhou, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 306 (2021) 210 0 032.
[14]	L. Wang, X. Shi, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Gu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 52 (2020) 119-126. DOI
[15]	S. Das, S. Sharma, T. Yokozeki, S. Dhakate, Compos. Struct. 261 (2021) 113293. DOI URL
[16]	M. Wang, X.H. Tang, J.H. Cai, H. Wu, J.B. Shen, S.Y. Guo, Carbon 177 (2021) 377-402. DOI URL
[17]	X.H. Tang, Y. Tang, Y. Wang, Y.X. Weng, M. Wang, Composites, Part A 139 (2020) 106116.
[18]	H. Wang, K. Zheng, X. Zhang, T. Du, C. Xiao, X. Ding, C. Bao, L. Chen, X. Tian, Composites, Part A 90 (2016) 606-613.
[19]	D.X. Yan, H. Pang, B. Li, R. Vajtai, L. Xu, P.G. Ren, J.H. Wang, Z.M. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 559-566. DOI URL
[20]	Q.M. He, J. R. Tao. Y. Yang, D. Yang, K. Zhang, B. Fei, M. Wang, Composites, Part A 156 (2022) 106901.
[21]	Q. Gao, Y. Pan, G. Zheng, C. Liu, C. Shen, X. Liu, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 4 (2021) 274-285. DOI URL
[22]	Y. Li, B. Xue, S. Yang, Z. Cheng, L. Xie, Q. Zheng, Chem. Eng. J. 410 (2021) 128356. DOI URL
[23]	S. Zhu, Q. Zhou, M. Wang, J. Dale, Z. Qiang, Y. Fan, M. Zhu, C. Ye, Composites, Part B 204 (2021) 108497.
[24]	T. Li, D. Zhi, Z. Guo, J. Li, Y. Chen, F. Meng, Green Chem. 24 (2022) 647-674. DOI URL
[25]	Y. Zhang, J. Gu, Nano-Micro Lett. 14 (2022) 89. DOI PMID
[26]	J. Kim, G. Kim, S. Kim, Y.S. Lee, Y. Kim, J. Lee, J. Kim, Y. Jung, J. Kwon, H. Han, Composites, Part B 221 (2021) 109010.
[27]	N.A. Aal, F. El-Tantawy, A. Al-Hajry, M. Bououdina, Polym. Compos. 29 (2008) 125-132. DOI URL
[28]	H. Wang, H. Ren, C. Jing, J. Li, Q. Zhou, F. Meng, Compos. Sci. Technol. 204 (2021) 108630. DOI URL
[29]	Y. Chen, J. Li, T. Li, L. Zhang, F. Meng, Carbon 180 (2021) 163-184. DOI URL
[30]	Y.D. Shi, J. Li, Y.J. Tan, Y.F. Chen, M. Wang, Compos. Sci. Technol. 170 (2019) 70-76. DOI URL
[31]	J.H. Cai, X.H. Tang, X.D. Chen, M. Wang, Composites, Part A 140 (2021) 106188.
[32]	T. Yun, H. Kim, A. Iqbal, Y.S. Cho, G.S. Lee, M.K. Kim, S.J. Kim, D. Kim, Y. Gogotsi, S.O. Kim, C.M. Koo, Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) e1906769.
[33]	F. Shahzad, M. Alhabeb, C.B. Hatter, B. Anasori, S.Man Hong, C.M. Koo, Y. Gogotsi, Science 353 (2016) 1137-1140. DOI PMID
[34]	Y. Li, X. Tian, S.P. Gao, L. Jing, K. Li, H. Yang, F. Fu, J.Y. Lee, Y.X. Guo, J.S. Ho, P.Y. Chen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2019) 1907451. DOI URL
[35]	Y.T. Liang, M.C. Hersam, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 17661-17663. DOI PMID
[36]	H. Guan, D.D.L. Chung, Carbon 157 (2020) 549-562. DOI URL
[37]	V. Panwar, J.O. Park, S.H. Park, S. Kumar, R.M. Mehra, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 (2010) 1306-1314. DOI URL
[38]	Y. Wang, S. Luo, K. Ren, S. Zhao, Z. Chen, W. Li, J. Guan, J. Mater. Chem. C 4 (2016) 2566-2578.
[39]	N. Joseph, J. Varghese, M.T. Sebastian, Composites, Part B 123 (2017) 271-278.
[40]	B. Laycock, M. Nikoli ´ c, J.M. Colwell, E. Gauthier, P. Halley, S. Bottle, G. George, Prog. Polym. Sci. 71 (2017) 144-189. DOI URL
[41]	T.P. Haider, C. Völker, J. Kramm, K. Landfester, F.R. Wurm, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 58 (2019) 50-62. DOI URL
[42]	F. Wu, M. Misra, A.K. Mohanty, Prog. Polym. Sci. 117 (2021) 101395. DOI URL
[43]	G. Wang, L. Wang, L.H. Mark, V. Shaayegan, G. Wang, H. Li, G. Zhao, C.B. Park, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 1195-1203. DOI URL
[44]	J. Li, W.J. Peng, Z.J. Fu, X.H. Tang, H. Wu, S. Guo, M. Wang, Composites, Part B 171 (2019) 204-213.
[45]	Y.F. Chen, Y.J. Tan, J. Li, Y.B. Hao, Y.D. Shi, M. Wang, Polym. Test. 65 (2018) 387-397. DOI URL
[46]	K. Zhang, H.O. Yu, Y.D. Shi, Y.F. Chen, J.B. Zeng, J. Guo, B. Wang, Z. Guo, M. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. C 5 (2017) 2807-2817.
[47]	X. Yu, L. Chen, Z. Jin, A. Jiao, J. Mater. Sci. 56 (2021) 11187-11208. DOI URL
[48]	A. Fonseca-García, E.J. Jiménez-Regalado, R.Y. Aguirre-Loredo, Carbohydr. Polym. 251 (2021) 117009. DOI URL
[49]	M. Pooresmaeil, H. Namazi, Carbohydr. Polym. 258 (2021) 117654. DOI URL
[50]	A.D. Gupta, K.P. Rawat, V. Bhadauria, H. Singh, Carbohydr. Polym. 269 (2021) 117763. DOI URL
[51]	A .P. Abbott, A .D. Ballantyne J.P. Conde K.S. Ryder W.R. Wise, Green Chem. 14 (2012) 302.
[52]	J. Cheng, X. Luo, X. Yan, Z. Li, Y. Tang, H. Jiang, W. Zhu, Sci. China Ser. B: Chem. 51 (2008) 709-717. DOI URL
[53]	S. Yamada, Chem. Rev. 118 (2018) 11353-11432. DOI URL
[54]	G. Zhao, H. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) e1905756.
[55]	H. Lu, Z. Xia, Q. Mi, J. Zhang, X. Zheng, Z. He, J. Wu, J. Zhang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 61 (2022) 1773-1785. DOI URL
[56]	Y. Jiang, X. Ru, W. Che, Z. Jiang, H. Chen, J. Hou, Y. Yu, Composites, Part B 229 (2022) 109460.
[57]	M. Parit, H. Du, X. Zhang, C. Prather, M. Adams, Z. Jiang, Carbohydr. Polym. 240 (2020) 116304. DOI URL
[58]	H. Lu, Z. Xia, X. Zheng, Q. Mi, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, C. Yin, J. Zhang, Compos. Com- mun. 26 (2021) 100786.
[59]	J. Chen, Z. Zhu, H. Zhang, S. Tian, S. Fu, Mater. Des. 204 (2021) 109695. DOI URL
[60]	K. Zhang, X. Gu, Q. Dai, B. Yuan, Y. Yan, M. Guo, Vacuum 170 (2019) 108990. DOI URL
[61]	J. Luo, D. Yin, K. Yu, H. Zhou, B. Wen, X. Wang, ChemPhysChem 23 (4) (2022) e202100778.
[62]	S. Frackowiak, J. Ludwiczak, K. Leluk, K. Orzechowski, M. Kozlowski, Mater. Des. 65 (2015) 749-756. DOI URL
[63]	T. Kuang, L. Chang, F. Chen, T. Sheng, D. Fu, X. Peng, Carbon 105 (2016) 305-313. DOI URL
[64]	S. Kashi, R.K. Gupta, T. Baum, N. Kao, S.N. Bhattacharya, Mater. Des. 95 (2016) 119-126. DOI URL
[65]	S. Kashi, E.K. Gupta, T. Baum, N. Kao, S.N. Bhattacharya, Mater. Des. 109 (2016) 68-78. DOI URL
[66]	P. Cataldi, P. Steiner, T. Raine, K. Lin, C. Kocabas, R.J. Young, M. Bissett, I.A. Kin- loch, D.G. Papageorgiou, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2 (2020) 3525-3534. DOI URL
[67]	C. Xu, J. Liu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, X. Xiong, X. Cheng, J. Mater, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 17 (2014) 391-398. DOI URL
[68]	Y. Zhang, J. Yu, J. Lu, C. Zhu, D. Qi, J. Alloy. Compd. 870 (2021) 159442. DOI URL
[69]	K. Zhang, G.H. Li, L.M. Feng, N. Wang, K.Sun J.Guo, K.X. Yu, J.B. Zeng, T. Li, Z. Guo, M. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. C 5 (2017) 9359-9369.
[70]	Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Li, H. Qi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 30 020-30 029.