J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 131: 276-286.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.03.040
• Research Article • Previous Articles
Kai Chena, Qunbo Fana,b,*(
), Jiahao Yaoa,b, Lin Yanga,b, Shun Xua,b, Wei Leia, Duoduo Wanga, Jingjiu Yuana, Haichao Gonga, Xingwang Chenga,b
Received:2022-01-26
Revised:2022-03-14
Accepted:2022-03-14
Published:2022-05-29
Online:2022-05-29
Contact:
Qunbo Fan
About author:*E-mail address:fanqunbo@bit.edu.cn (Q. Fan)Kai Chen, Qunbo Fan, Jiahao Yao, Lin Yang, Shun Xu, Wei Lei, Duoduo Wang, Jingjiu Yuan, Haichao Gong, Xingwang Cheng. Composition design of a novel Ti-6Mo-3.5Cr-1Zr alloy with high-strength and ultrahigh-ductility[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 131: 276-286.
Fig. 1. d-electrons design map showing the position of the Ti-6Mo-3.5Cr-1Zr alloy.
| Elements | Ti | Mo | Cr | Zr | C | N | O | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Bal. | 6 | 3.5 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Measured | Bal. | 6.14 | 3.46 | 0.86 | 0.0092 | 0.0050 | 0.080 | 0.0041 |
Table 1. Nominal and measured chemical compositions of the alloy in wt.%.
| Elements | Ti | Mo | Cr | Zr | C | N | O | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Bal. | 6 | 3.5 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Measured | Bal. | 6.14 | 3.46 | 0.86 | 0.0092 | 0.0050 | 0.080 | 0.0041 |
Fig. 2. Microstructural analysis of the as-quenched Ti-6Mo-3.5Cr-1Zr alloy. (a) EBSD orientation distribution map. (b) SAED pattern with beam//[011]β//[11$\bar{2}$0]ω1//[2$\bar{1}\bar{1}$0]ω2. (c) TEM DF image acquired using the ω reflection.
Fig. 3. Mechanical properties of the Ti-6Mo-3.5Cr-1Zr alloy. (a) Engineering stress-strain curves of the as-quenched and homogenized states. (b) True stress-strain curve of the as-quenched alloy and corresponding strain hardening rate curve. (c) Comparison of the mechanical properties of as-quenched Ti-6Mo-3.5Cr-1Zr and the alloys reported in the literature (the corresponding compositions are shown in Table S1 in the Supplementary Material, the error bar is calculated from three sets of parallel tests).
Fig. 4. In-situ EBSD analysis of the alloy at 0%–3% strain. (a) True stress–strain curve of the in-situ tensile test and the variation of the stress-induced ω volume fraction with different macro strains. (b–e) Orientation distribution maps at 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 3% strains, respectively. (f) Phase map at 3% strain. (g) Pole Figure (PF) comparison of (110)β and (1$\bar{1}$01)SIω at 3% strain. (h, i) Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) comparison between the 1.5% and 3% strains for the ω and β phases, respectively.
Fig. 5. In-situ DIC analysis of the alloy during the plastic deformation stage. (a) Band contrast (BC) map at 3% macro strain. (b) Strain distribution map at 3% macro strain. (c) Local strain variation at P1, P2, and P3 under different macro strains (the positions of the three points are recorded in (b)).
Fig. 6. Ex-situ EBSD analysis of the alloy at 5% and 10% macro strains. (a) and (e) IPF maps. (b) and (f) Phase maps. (c) and (g) BC maps. (d) and (h) GND maps.
Fig. 7. TEM analysis of the tensile samples at different strains: (a-d) 1.5%. (e-g) 2.5%. (a, e) TEM bright-field (BF) images. (b, f) SAED pattern recorded from the red circle marked zone in (a) and (e), respectively. (c, d) DF images of the ω1 and ω2 variants based on the reflections in (b), corresponding to the dotted frame zone in (a). (g) DF image corresponding to (e).
Fig. 8. TEM analysis of the tensile sample under 10% macro strain. (a) BF image. (b) SAED pattern along the [011]β zone axis recorded from the circled area in (a). (c) DF image corresponding to (a). (d) HRTEM image of the ω/ωtw interface viewing along the [11$\bar{2}$0]ω axis. (e, f) Inverse FFT filtered HRTEM images and FFT patterns (inset) of the S1 and S2 areas in (d), respectively.
Fig. 9. TEM analysis of the tensile sample at 20% and 30% macro strains. (a, d) Fragmentation of the stress-induced structures. (b, e) Dislocation tangle inside the bands (the band in (e) was broken due to the large degree of deformation). (c, f) Dislocation tangle in the β matrix.
Fig. 10. In-situ TEM analysis of the interaction between the stress-induced band and the dislocation movement. (a–d) Strain resolved TEM BF images recorded at ε = 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. The inset in (d) shows the crack propagation behavior. (e) Inverse FFT filtered HRTEM image of the stress-induced ω/β interface viewing along the [$\bar{1}$11]β axis. The inset in (e) shows the lattice fringes image of the interface. (f) Schematic diagrams of the DPU effect and new bands formation.
| Grain | 1.5% | 2% | 2.5% | 3% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ($\bar{1}21$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) |
| B | ($\bar{1}10$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$), ($32\bar{1}$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$), ($32\bar{1}$) |
| C | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) |
| D | (123) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) |
| E | - | ($12\bar{1}$) | ($12\bar{1}$), ($\bar{2}31$) | ($12\bar{1}$), ($\bar{2}31$), (110) |
| F | ($3\bar{2}1$) | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), |
| ($21\bar{1}$), ($21\bar{3}$) | ($21\bar{1}$), ($21\bar{3}$) | ($21\bar{1}$),($21\bar{3}$) | ||
| G | ($\bar{1}23$) | ($\bar{1}23$), ($11\bar{2}$), | ($1\bar{2}3$), ($11\bar{2}$) | ($\bar{1}23$), ($11\bar{2}$), |
| ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($1\bar{2}3$) | ||
| H | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) |
| I | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (110) |
Table 2. Statistics of the habit planes of the stress-induced ω phase precipitated from the β matrix in grains A-I (Fig. 4(b)).
| Grain | 1.5% | 2% | 2.5% | 3% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ($\bar{1}21$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($\bar{1}21$), ($1\bar{2}3$) |
| B | ($\bar{1}10$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$), ($32\bar{1}$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($23\bar{1}$), ($32\bar{1}$) |
| C | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) | ($\bar{1}10$), ($2\bar{3}1$) |
| D | (123) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) | (123), ($12\bar{1}$) |
| E | - | ($12\bar{1}$) | ($12\bar{1}$), ($\bar{2}31$) | ($12\bar{1}$), ($\bar{2}31$), (110) |
| F | ($3\bar{2}1$) | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), | ($3\bar{2}1$), ($1\bar{1}2$), |
| ($21\bar{1}$), ($21\bar{3}$) | ($21\bar{1}$), ($21\bar{3}$) | ($21\bar{1}$),($21\bar{3}$) | ||
| G | ($\bar{1}23$) | ($\bar{1}23$), ($11\bar{2}$), | ($1\bar{2}3$), ($11\bar{2}$) | ($\bar{1}23$), ($11\bar{2}$), |
| ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($1\bar{2}3$) | ($1\bar{2}3$) | ||
| H | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (112) |
| I | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$) | ($1\bar{1}0$), (110) |
| Grain No. | Euler angle (°) | Top 3 SFs for {332}<113> twinning | Variant corresponding to the max SF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | Ф | φ2 | |||||
| 1 | 120 | 44 | 15 | 0.478 | 0.403 | 0.374 | {$\bar{3}23$}〈$\bar{1}\bar{3}1$〉 |
| 2 | 154 | 104 | 52 | 0.466 | 0.446 | 0.235 | {$3\bar{3}2$}〈$1\bar{1}\bar{3}$〉 |
| 3 | 186 | 20 | 21 | 0.368 | 0.325 | 0.276 | {$\bar{3}32$}〈$\bar{1}1\bar{3}$〉 |
| 4 | 190 | 35 | 22 | 0.414 | 0.297 | 0.292 | {$\bar{3}32$}〈$\bar{1}1\bar{3}$〉 |
| 5 | 66 | 36 | 26 | 0.392 | 0.341 | 0.253 | {$23\bar{3}$}〈$\bar{3}1\bar{1}$〉 |
Table 3. Statistics of the SFs corresponding to grains 1-5 in Fig. 6(b).
| Grain No. | Euler angle (°) | Top 3 SFs for {332}<113> twinning | Variant corresponding to the max SF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | Ф | φ2 | |||||
| 1 | 120 | 44 | 15 | 0.478 | 0.403 | 0.374 | {$\bar{3}23$}〈$\bar{1}\bar{3}1$〉 |
| 2 | 154 | 104 | 52 | 0.466 | 0.446 | 0.235 | {$3\bar{3}2$}〈$1\bar{1}\bar{3}$〉 |
| 3 | 186 | 20 | 21 | 0.368 | 0.325 | 0.276 | {$\bar{3}32$}〈$\bar{1}1\bar{3}$〉 |
| 4 | 190 | 35 | 22 | 0.414 | 0.297 | 0.292 | {$\bar{3}32$}〈$\bar{1}1\bar{3}$〉 |
| 5 | 66 | 36 | 26 | 0.392 | 0.341 | 0.253 | {$23\bar{3}$}〈$\bar{3}1\bar{1}$〉 |
Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of the TRIP/TWIP/DPU coupled plastic deformation mechanism.
| Phase | c11 | c12 | c13 | c33 | c44 | G |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 147 | 97 | - | - | 16 | 19 |
| ω | 199 | 100 | 60 | 245 | 48 | 55 |
Table 4. Second-order elastic coefficients cij (GPa) and shear modulus G (GPa) of β and ω.
| Phase | c11 | c12 | c13 | c33 | c44 | G |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 147 | 97 | - | - | 16 | 19 |
| ω | 199 | 100 | 60 | 245 | 48 | 55 |
| Phase | Space group | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Hf (eV atom-1) | Ec (eV atom-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 229 (Im$\bar{3}$m) | 2.816/2.785 | 2.816/2.785 | 2.816/2.785 | -8.23 | -14.86 |
| ω | 191 (P6/mmm) | 4.577/4.552 | 4.577/4.552 | 2.829/2.775 | -8.31 | -15.48 |
Table 5. Lattice constant (before/after geometrical optimization), formation enthalpy, and cohesive energy of β and ω.
| Phase | Space group | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Hf (eV atom-1) | Ec (eV atom-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 229 (Im$\bar{3}$m) | 2.816/2.785 | 2.816/2.785 | 2.816/2.785 | -8.23 | -14.86 |
| ω | 191 (P6/mmm) | 4.577/4.552 | 4.577/4.552 | 2.829/2.775 | -8.31 | -15.48 |
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