Sodium vanadium oxides: From nanostructured design to high-performance energy storage materials

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.017

Abstract

Abstract:

Developing high-capacity and low-cost cathode materials for metal-ion rechargeable batteries is the mainstream trend and is also the key to providing breakthroughs in making high-energy rechargeable batteries. Vanadium has a variety of valence states and can form a variety of vanadate structures. As a typical positive electrode material, vanadate has abundant ion adsorption sites, a unique “pillar” framework, and a typical layered structure. Therefore, it has the advantages of high specific capacity and excellent rate performance, possessing the prospect of being a large-capacity energy storage material. In this review, we focus on applications of sodium vanadium oxides (NVO) in electrical energy storage (EES) devices and summarize sodium vanadate materials from three aspects, including crystal structure, electrochemical performance, and energy storage mechanism. The recent progress of NVO-based high-performance energy storage materials along with nanostructured design strategies was provided and discussed as well. This review is intended to serve as general guidance for researchers to develop desirable sodium vanadate materials.

Key words: Sodium vanadate, Nanostructured materials, Rechargeable metal-ion batteries, Energy storage mechanism

Yifan Dong, Shuolei Deng, Ziting Ma, Ge Yin, Changgang Li, Xunlong Yuan, Huiyun Tan, Jing Pan, Liqiang Mai, Fan Xia. Sodium vanadium oxides: From nanostructured design to high-performance energy storage materials[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 121: 80-92.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1. An overview of NVO cathodes in electrochemical energy storage devices.

Fig. 2. (a) Crystal structure of β-NVO [46]. (b) Phase inversion process for the current collector-free flexible β-Na0.33V2O5 cathode. (c) Constant current cycling at 0.1 C. (d) Preparation of the flexible β-NVO-lithium metal battery. (e) Photographs of the flexible lithium metal battery in flat and highly bent states [50]. (f) FESEM image of the β-NVO nanowire. (g) Cycling performance at 1.0 A g-1. (h) Schematic illustration of the zinc-storage mechanism in the β-NVO electrode [48]. (i) SEM image of the top view of NVO-thermally reduced graphene (TRG) hybrids. (j) Cycling performance of NVO-TRG and β-NVO electrodes at different current densities [46].

Table 1. The morphologies and electrochemical performance of β-Na0.33V2O5 (β-NVO) based on different methods.

Sample	Method	Microstructure (Nanostructure)	Voltage window (V)	Initial Specific Capacity (mAh g^-1)	Specific Capacity after Cycles (mAh g^-1)	Cycles	Current Density (mA g^-1)	Battery	Refs.
β-NVO	Solvothermal	Microspheres	1.5-4.0	157	111	35	1000	LIB	[53]
β-NVO	Hydrothermal	Mesoporous flake-like fffFlake-like	1.5-4.0	339	168	35	20	LIB	[54]
β-NVO	Chemical Switch	Micro-rods	1.5-4.0	504	500	50	0.1 C	LIB	[49]
β-NVO	Phase Inversion	Rod-like	2.0-4.0	228	205	100	23.46	LIB	[52]
β-NVO	Sol-gel	Nanorods	2.0-4.0	221	212	200	125	LIB	[50]
β-NVO	Hydrothermal	Nanowires	0.2-1.6	232	218.4	1000	1000	ZIB	[48]
β-NVO@rGO	Hydrothermal &Freeze-drying	Sandwich-like	1.5-4.0	195	162.4	100	50	SIB	[55]
β-NVO@rGO	Hydrothermal &Freeze-drying	Sandwich-like	1.5-4.0	—	199	400	4500	LIB	[46]
β-NVO@PPy	Hydrothermal	Nanowires	2.0-4.0	—	219.4	100	50	LIB	[56]

Fig. 3. (a) Illustration of the crystal structure of typical NaV6O15. (b) Schematic of the formation process of NaV6O15 nanoflower through hydrothermal combine with calcination method. (c) SEM image of NaV6O15. (d) Cycling performances of NaV6O15-NC, NaV6O15/C-MC, NaV6O15/C-HC, respectively. (e) Ultra-long-term cycling performance of the NaV6O15/C-MC under the current densities of 5 A g-1 [41]. (f) Schematic illustration of the formation process of the Na-VBNT@C sample. (g) Rate capabilities of the VONT, Na-VBNT, and Na-VBNT@C samples. (h) All charge-discharge tests were carried out at room temperature over the voltage range of 1.5-4.0 V using the assembled button-type cells [59]. (i) SEM image of NVO/MWCNTs and the photograph of the NVO/MWCNT composite film electrode (the inset). (j) TEM image of the NVO/MWCNT composite showing the NVO uniformly covered by the interconnected and complex network of conductive MWCNTs. (k) Long cycle life performance of NVO/MWCNTs at 5.0 A g-1 [58].

Table 2. The morphologies and electrochemical performance of NaV6O15 based on different methods.

Sample	Method	Microstructure (Nanostructure)	Voltage window (V)	Initial specific capacity (mAh g^-1)	Specific capacity after cycles (mAh g^-1)	Cycles	Current density (mA g^-1)	Battery	Refs.
NaV₆O₁₅	Sol-gel	Nanorods	0.4-1.4	394	321	150	100	ZIB	[61]
NaV₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal & Calcinations	Rod-like	-1.0-1.0	162	127	50	1000	LIB	[62]
NaV₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal	Nanotube	1.5-4.0	131.5	126.2	500	5000	SIB	[58]
NaV₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal & Thermal annealing	Flower-like	1.5-4.0	100	87	2000	5000	SIB	[41]
NaV₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal& Solid-state reaction	Nanoflakes	1.5-4.0	147.7	136	30	15	SIB	[63]
NaV₆O₁₅	PVP-modulated hydrothermal	Nanorods	1.5-3.8	110	97.88	50	20	SIB	[57]
NaV₆O₁₅	Thermal oxidizing treatment process	Nanorods	0.01-3.0	130	120	200	1000	LIB	[64]
NaV₆O₁₅ @C	Sol-gel & Hydrothermal	Nanotubes	1.5-4.0	125	117.5	3000	1250	SIB	[59]
NaV₆O₁₅ nH₂O @rGO	Hydrothermal	Nanowires	1.5-3.8	150	108	50	100	SIB	[65]

Fig. 4. (a) Crystal structure of typical Na2V6O16·2H2O [71]. (b) Rate performance of the H-NVO at various current densities. (c) Cycling performances of the H-NVO at 5000 mA g-1. (d) Schematic illustrations of water intercalation accompanying Zn2+ intercalation into H-NVO at the first discharge process and Zn2+ deintercalation and intercalation upon electrochemical charge and discharge processes. Here, x< y and m> n [68]. (e) TEM image of Na2V6O16·163H2O. (f) Cyclic performance of Na2V6O16·163H2O and Na2V6O16 at a current density of 50 mA g-1. (g) Schematic illustration of Mg2+ deintercalation and intercalation into Na2V6O16·163H2O during electrochemical processes [67]. (h) Schematic illustration of the preparation procedure of Na2V6O16 nanobelts. (i) Cycling performance of layered Na2V6O16 nanobelts and Na2V6O16 powder at 50 and 100 mA g-1 [70]. (j) Illustration of NaVO||C-Ni battery. (k) Cycle performance of NaVO||C-Ni cell at 200 mA g-1 [71].

Fig. 5. (a) Crystal structure of NaV3O8 nanobelts. (b) SEM image of rod-like NaV3O8. (c) Cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of rod-like NaV3O8 electrode at 2000 mA g-1 between 1.5 and 4.0 V [74]. (d) Schematic illustration of NaV3O8 nanobelts growth steps starting from commercial V2O5 bulk powders. (e) Rate capability and for NVO||1 M LiCl-0.4 M APC||Mg cell at various current densities. (f) SEM image of Na1.25V3O8 nanosheets [75]. (g) Long-cycling stability of Na1.25V3O8 at 5 A g-1. (h) Illustration of synthesis procedure of pilotaxitic Na1.1V3O7.9 nanoribbons/graphene [76]. (i) The long-cycling performance of Na1.1V3O7.9 nanoribbons/graphene at 1000 mAg-1. (j) Schematic illustration of the synthesis procedure of the Na5V12O32@PPy nanocomposites [77]. (k) SEM image of the Na5V12O32@PPy nanocomposites. (l) Discharge-charge capacities of the Na5V12O32@PPy at various current densities, from 30 to 480 mA g-1 [78].

Table 3. The morphologies and electrochemical performance of other sodium vanadium oxides based on different methods. (σ-NVO @rGO refers to σ-NaxV2O5·nH2O @rGO, NVO@KB refers to NaxV2O5·nH2O @KB, NVO @rGO refers to Na1.1V3O7.9 @rGO).

Sample	Method	Microstructure (Nanostructure)	Voltage window (V)	Initial Specific capacity (mAh g^-1)	Specific capacityafter cycles (mAh g^-1)	Cycles	Current density (mA g^-1)	Battery	Refs.
σ-NVO @rGO	Hydrothermal	NVO-nanobelts grown on crumpled rGO nanosheets	0.2-1.6	—	264.8	4000	2000	ZIB	[85]
σ-NVO @rGO	Hydrothermal	—	0.2-1.6	303.7	214.2	1000	2000	ZIB	[86]
NVO@KB	Hydrothermal	Nanocomposite	1.3-4.0	239	167	30	20	SIB	[87]
NaVO₃	Solid-state Reaction	Irregular shape	0.01-3.0	220	200	200	44	LIB	[88]
NaVO₃	Solid-state Reaction	—	1.2-4.7	200	190	50	10	SIB	[83]
Na_1.08V₆O₁₅	Sol-gel	Rice-shape	1.5-4.0	300	205	100	30	LIB	[47]
Na₄V₂O₇	Solid-state Reaction	—	1.2-4.4	165	153.4	50	10	SIB	[89]
Na_1.25V₃O₈	Sol-gel	Nanosheets	0.2-1.8	179	157.9	2000	5000	ZIB	[76]
Na_1.25V₃O₈	Topotactic Intercalation Method	Zigzag Nanowires	1.5-4.0	105.9	92.2	1000	1000	SIB	[90]
NVO @rGO	Hydrothermal	Nanoribbons	1.5-4.0	91.6	84.8	500	1000	SIB	[77]
Na_1.1V₃O_7.9	—	Nanorods	0.4-1.4	—	134	1000	5000	ZIB	[91]
Na_1.1V₃O_7.9	Calcinations	Nanobelts	1.5-3.8	125	82	190	50	SIB	[39]
Na_0.282V₂O₅	Hydrothermal & Calcinations	Nanorods	1.5-4.0	191	134	400	1000	LIB	[80]
Na_0.282V₂O₅	Hydrothermal & Calcinations	Nanorods	1.5-4.0	89	82	1000	300	SIB	[80]
Na_0.76V₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal & Annealing	Nanobelts	1.5-4.0	191	177	140	1000	LIB	[81]
Na_0.76V₆O₁₅	Hydrothermal & Calcinations	Nanobelts	1.5-4.0	70.3	56.4	5000	1000	LIB	[82]

Fig. 6. (a) The structural framework of Na0.282V2O5. (b) SEM image of Na0.282V2O5. (c) The cycling performance and corresponding coulombic efficiency of Na0.282V2O5 at the current density of 300 mA g-1 [80]. (d) High magnification SEM image of the Na0.76V6O15 [82]. (e) Rate performance of the Na0.76V6O15 hybrids at various current densities [81]. (f) The cycling performance of the Na0.76V6O15 at a high current density of 2000^#x00A0;mAh g-1. (g) Schematic illustrations of NaVO3. (h) Rate performance of NaVO3 [83]. (i) TEM image of the NaV8O20·nH2O. (j) Long-term cycling performance of the NaV8O20·nH2O electrode at 10 A g-1. (k) Schematic illustration of Na+/Zn2+/H+ storage mechanism upon electrochemical charge and discharge processes [84].

Fig. 8. (a) Average discharge potential (V vs Na+/Na) as a function of specific capacity (mAh g-1) of representative cathodes materials for SIBs. (b) Specific capacity of various cathode materials for ZIB.

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