Construction of SnS-Mo-graphene nanosheets composite for highly reversible and stable lithium/sodium storage

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.079

Abstract

Abstract:

Sn-based chalcogenides are considered as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high capacities through both conversion and alloying reactions. However, the realization of full capacities of Sn-based chalcogenides is mainly hindered by the large volume variation and inferior reversibility of conversion reaction during cycling. In present work, a new ternary SnS-Mo-graphene nanosheets (SnS-Mo-GNs) composite is fabricated by a simple and scalable plasma milling method, in which SnS nanoparticles are tightly bonded with Mo and GNs. The Mo and GNs additives can effectively alleviate the large volume change of SnS upon cycling, which leads to a stable electrochemical framework. Moreover, they can significantly suppress the Sn agglomeration in lithiated SnS, which enables highly reversible conversion reaction during cycling. As anode for LIBs, the SnS-Mo-GNs composite exhibits a high initial coulombic efficiency of 86.9% (almost complete reversibility of SnS, ∼97.3%), high cyclic coulombic efficiency after initial three cycles (> 99.5%), and long lifespan (up to 600 cycles). Moreover, it also demonstrates superior electrochemical performance for sodium storage. Thus, this work demonstrates a potential anode for batteries application and provides a viable strategy to obtain highly reversible and stable anodes for lithium/sodium storage.

Key words: SnS nanoparticle, Mo metal, Graphene nanosheets, Reversibility, Anode

Deliang Cheng, Lichun Yang, Renzong Hu, Jie Cui, Jiangwen Liu, Min Zhu. Construction of SnS-Mo-graphene nanosheets composite for highly reversible and stable lithium/sodium storage[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 121: 190-198.

Figures/Tables 7

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of discharge/charge processes of (a) bare SnS, (b) ternary SnS-Mo-GNs electrodes.

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs. (b) Raman spectra of the EG, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs. (c-f) Sn 3d, S 2p, Mo 3d, and C 1 s XPS spectra of the SnS-Mo-GNs.

Fig. 2. (a) SEM image, (b) TEM image, (c) magnified TEM image, the inset is SAED pattern, (d-f) high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of A, B, C regions in Fig. 2(c), (g1-g4) elemental mapping of C, Sn, S, and Mo of the SnS-Mo-GNs composite.

Fig. 3. Electrochemical performance vs. Li/Li+. (a) CV curve of the SnS-Mo-GNs tested at 0.2 mV s-1. (b) Initial discharge/charge profiles of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs tested at 0.2 A g-1. (c) Summary of initial coulombic efficiencies of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs. (d) Discharge/charge profiles of the SnS-Mo-GNs of various cycles at 0.2 A g-1. (e, f) Cyclic performance and coulombic efficiencies of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs at 0.2 A g-1. (g) Rate performance of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs at various current densities. (h) High-rate cycling performance of the SnS-Mo-GNs at 1.0 A g-1.

Fig. 4. (a) Differential capacity plots of the SnS-Mo-GNs for different cycles. (b) Charge capacities vs. cycle of the SnS-Mo-GNs separated into potential ranges of 0.01-1.0 and 1.0-3.0 V. (c) Ex-situ XRD patterns of the SnS-Mo-GNs at different discharge/charge states for the initial cycle. (d) XRD patterns of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs electrodes after cycling. (e) Sn 3d XPS spectrum of the SnS-Mo-GNs electrode after cycling.

Fig. 5. (a) Cross-sectional SEM image of fresh SnS-Mo-GNs electrode, (b) Cross-sectional SEM image, (c) surface SEM image, (d) ex-situ TEM image, (e) SAED pattern, (f) HRTEM image, and (g1-g4) elemental mapping of the SnS-Mo-GNs electrode after cycling.

Fig. 6. Electrochemical performance vs. Na/Na+. (a) CV profiles of the SnS-Mo-GNs at 0.2 mV s-1. (b) Discharge/charge profiles of the SnS-Mo-GNs at 0.2 A g-1. (c) Cycling performance of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs tested at 0.2 A g-1. (d) Rate performance of the SnS, SnS-GNs, and SnS-Mo-GNs. (e) Cycling performance of the SnS-Mo-GNs tested at 1.0 A g-1.

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