Direct Z-scheme CdFe2O4/g-C3N4 hybrid photocatalysts for highly efficient ceftiofur sodium photodegradation

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.01.054

Abstract

Abstract:

A direct Z-scheme CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ hybrid systems with different weight ratios of CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were successfully designed and constructed for ceftiofur sodium photodegradation. The as-obtained CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ hybrid samples composed of CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and g-C₃N₄ nanosheets were systematically characterized by different techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis DRS, chemical oxygen demand, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, photochemical test and electron spin resonance spectrometer technique. The optimal photocatalytic activity for ceftiofur sodium photodegradation was achieved by modulating the weight ration between CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. The result from photocatalytic tests indicate that CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄-2 hybrid sample exhibit highly efficient photocatalytic activity towards ceftiofur sodium removal in comparison with pristine CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and pure g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. Meanwhile the excellent photocatalytic stability of CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄-2 hybrid sample was also verified during recycling runs towards photocatalytic ceftiofur sodium degradation. The significant enhancement of photocatalytic activity was attributed to the Z-scheme charge separation and transfer based on the construction of tight heterogeneous interface and well-matched band potentials. We expect this research to provide a new insight into the design and preparation of direct Z-scheme hybrid photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

Key words: CdFe₂O₄, g-C₃N₄, Z-scheme, Photodegradation

Miao-Miao Fang, Jun-Xia Shao, Xiang-Gang Huang, Jin-Yi Wang, Wei Chen. Direct Z-scheme CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ hybrid photocatalysts for highly efficient ceftiofur sodium photodegradation[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 56: 133-142.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1. FESEM images of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets (a), CdFe2O4 nanoparticles (b), and CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites (c); (d-i) elemental mapping; TEM image (j, k) and HRTEM image (l) of CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of pure CdFe2O4 nanoparticles, bare g-C3N4 nanosheets and CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites.

Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of pure CdFe2O4 nanoparticles, bare g-C3N4 nanosheets and CdFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites with different g-C3N4 content.

Fig. 4. XPS analyses of CdFe2O4 nanoparticles, CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites and g-C3N4 nanosheets: (a) survey spectra, (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s, (d) Cd 3d, (e) Fe 2p and (f) O 1s region.

Fig. 5. UV-vis DRS spectra of pure CdFe2O4 nanoparticles, bare g-C3N4 nanosheets and CdFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites with different weight ratios.

Fig. 6. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and pore size distribution (inset) of (a) CdFe2O4 nanoparticles and (b) CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites.

Fig. 7. (a) Photocatalytic activity of as-prepared samples for ceftiofur sodium photodegradation; (b) temporal UV-vis absorption spectra; (c) COD removal efficiency at different irradiation time using CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites; (d) photocatalytic activity for ceftiofur sodium photodegradation during recycling runs; (e) XRD patterns of fresh and used CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites; (f) Cd2+ concentration after irradiated by visible light for 6 h in deionized water.

Fig. 8. Photocurrent responses (a), EIS curves (b), PL spectra (c) and TSPL spectra (d) of as-prepared samples.

Fig. 9. (a) Photocatalytic efficiency for ceftiofur sodium degradation in the presence of different scavengers; (b) PL spectral changes of CdFe2O4/g-C3N4-2 nanocomposites in 2 mM NaOH solution with addition of 0.5 mM terephthalic acid, ESR spectra of DMPO-·OH (c) and DMPO-·O2- adducts (d).

Fig. 10. (a) VB-XPS spectra of pure CdFe2O4 nanoparticles and bare g-C3N4 nanosheets, band gaps of CdFe2O4 nanoparticles (b) and g-C3N4 nanosheets (c), and energy band structure (d) of pristine CdFe2O4 nanoparticles and pure g-C3N4 nanosheets.

Fig. 11. Schematic illustrations of possible charge separation paths in two different photocatalytic systems.

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Direct Z-scheme CdFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ hybrid photocatalysts for highly efficient ceftiofur sodium photodegradation

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