Carbon-based porous materials for performance-enhanced composite phase change materials in thermal energy storage: Materials, fabrication and applications

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2024.05.035

Abstract

Abstract: Latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials (PCMs). However, the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs. Promisingly, developing composite PCM (CPCM) based on porous supporting material provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability. Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM, three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high thermal conductivity, desirable loading capacity of PCMs, and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs. Therefore, this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials. First, a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail. Next, the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support, graphene-based support, graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed. Then, the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated. Last but not least, the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed. To conclude, introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs. However, there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity, higher thermal conductivity, and more excellent shape stability.

Key words: Thermal energy storage, Phase change material, Supporting material, Carbon-based material, Thermal conductivity, Shape-stabilized composite

Lei Hu, Li Zhang, Wei Cui, Qinyou An, Ting Ma, Qiuwang Wang, Liqiang Mai. Carbon-based porous materials for performance-enhanced composite phase change materials in thermal energy storage: Materials, fabrication and applications[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 210: 204-226.

References

[1] W. Aftab, A. Usman, J.M. Shi, K.J. Yuan, M.L. Qin, R.Q. Zou, Energ. Environ. Sci. 14 (2021) 4268-4291.
[2] X. Tong, N.Q. Li, M. Zeng, Q.W. Wang, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 108 (2019) 398-422.
[3] Y. Cao, Y. Bai, J. Du, Sci. Total Environ. 753 (2021) 141690.
[4] P.M. Lingom, J. Song-Manguelle, D.L.Mon-Nzongo, R.C.C. Flesch, T. Jin, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 36 (2021) 1777-1789.
[5] W.J. Li, Y.G. Liu, H.J. Liang, Y.J. Shen, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 68 (2021) 1311-1321.
[6] S.Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, P. Andrews-Speed, B. McLellan, J. Environ. Manage. 276 (2020) 111287.
[7] A.K. Singh, D.B. Singh, A. Mallick, N. Kumar, Sol. Energy 173 (2018) 53-75.
[8] D.G. Atinafu, B.Y. Yun, J.Y. Choi, X.Z. Yuan, Y.S. Ok, S. Kim, J. Energy Storage 72 (2023) 108338.
[9] Y.E. Milian, S. Ushak, L.F. Cabeza, M. Grageda, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 208 (2020) 110344.
[10] B. Koçak, A.I. Fernandez, H. Paksoy, Sol. Energy 209 (2020) 135-169.
[11] C.A. Ikutegbe, M.M. Farid, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 131 (2020) 110008.
[12] G. Wang, Z.D. Tang, Y. Gao, P.P. Liu, Y. Li, A. Li, X. Chen, Chem. Rev. 123 (2023) 6953-7024.
[13] K. Yuan, J. Liu, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 218 (2020) 110759.
[14] W. Wu, X.Y. Wang, M. Xia, Y.P. Dou, Z.Y. Yin, J. Wang, P. Lu, Renew. Energ. 161 (2020) 457-469.
[15] S. Wang, H. Liu, D.Z. Wu, X.D. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 583 (2021) 470-486.
[16] W.X. Wu, J.Z. Liu, M. Liu, Z.H. Rao, H. Deng, Q. Wang, X. Qi, S.F. Wang, Energ. Convers. Manage. 221 (2020) 113145.
[17] M. Zare, K.S. Mikkonen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 (2023) 2213455.
[18] Y. Konuklu, O. Ersoy, H.B. Akar, F. Erzin, Constr. Build. Mater. 263 (2020) 120114.
[19] T.T.M. Rocha, P.V. Trevizoli, R.N. de Oliveira, Sol. Energy 250 (2023) 248-284.
[20] K. Matuszek, M. Kar, J.M. Pringle, D.R.MacFarlane, Chem.Rev. 123 (2023) 491-514.
[21] H. Mehling, L.F. Cabeza, Berlin, 2008.
[22] X.A. Wang, C.Y. Zhang, K. Wang, Y.Q. Huang, Z.F. Chen, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 582 (2021) 30-40.
[23] E. Mohseni, W.C. Tang, K.H. Khayat, H.Z. Cui, Constr. Build. Mater. 249 (2020) 118768.
[24] R.A. Mitran, D. Lincu, S. Ionita, M. Deaconu, V.V. Jerca, O.C. Mocioiu, D. Berger, C. Matei, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 218 (2020) 110760.
[25] C.X. Wang, L.J. Hua, H.Z. Yan, B.J. Li, Y.D. Tu, R.Z. Wang, Joule 4 (2020) 435-447.
[26] W. Xia, X. Fei, Q.Q. Wang, Y.Y. Lu, M.T. Innocent, J.L. Zhou, S.L. Yu, H.X. Xiang, M.F. Zhu, Chem. Eng. J. 403 (2021) 126369.
[27] J.M. Shi, W. Aftab, Z.B. Liang, K.J. Yuan, M. Maqbool, H.Y. Jiang, F. Xiong, M.L. Qin, S. Gao, R.Q. Zou, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 20133-20140.
[28] Z.Z. Sheng, Y. Ding, G.Y. Li, C. Fu, Y.L. Hou, J. Lyu, K. Zhang, X.T. Zhang, Adv. Mater. 33 (2021) 2104851.
[29] G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, Energ. Build. 257 (2022) 111789.
[30] G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, Energy Res 46 (2022) 20873-20885.
[31] L. Liu, Y.A. Zhang, S.F. Zhang, B.T. Tang, Adv. Sci. 10 (2023) 2207652.
[32] T.B. Freeman, K.E.O.Foster, C.J. Troxler, C.W. Irvin, A. Aday, S.K.S. Boetcher, A. Mahvi, M.K. Smith, A. Odukomaiya, Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2023) 2204208.
[33] D.G. Atinafu, S. Wi, B.Y. Yun, S. Kim, Energy 216 (2021) 119294.
[34] F. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, X.H. She, C. Li, D.Q. Cang, X.L. Liu, Y.M. Xuan, Y.L. Ding, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 119 (2020) 109539.
[35] G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, Y. Önal, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, E. Aslan, Powder Technol. 401 (2022) 117291.
[36] Z.A. Qureshi, H.M. Ali, S. Khushnood, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 127 (2018) 838-856.
[37] K.K. Zhang, C. Hu, H.H. Huang, B. Li, C.X. Huang, S.F. Wang, J. Energy Storage 79 (2024) 110214.
[38] J.A. Noël, M.A. White, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 223 (2021) 110956.
[39] S. Zhang, D.L. Feng, L. Shi, L. Wang, Y.G. Jin, L.M. Tian, Z.Y. Li, G.Y. Wang, L. Zhao, Y.Y. Yan, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 135 (2021) 110127.
[40] A. Sarı, G. Hekimǒglu, Y. Karabayır, R.K. Sharma, H. Arslanǒglu, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, Energy 247 (2022) 123501.
[41] X.B. Huang, X. Chen, A. Li, D. Atinafu, H.Y. Gao, W.J. Dong, G. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 356 (2019) 641-661.
[42] Z.R. Li, N. Hu, L.W. Fan, Energy Storage Mater. 55 (2023) 727-753.
[43] Z.H. Shen, M.L. Qin, F. Xiong, R.Q. Zou, J. Zhang, Energ. Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 830-861.
[44] C.B. Zhang, Y.P. Huang, Y.P. Chen, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 183 (2023) 113529.
[45] D.V. Voronin, E. Ivanov, P. Gushchin, R. Fakhrullin, V. Vinokurov, Molecules 25 (2020) 1504.
[46] Z.L. Liu, B.T. Tang, S.F. Zhang, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 216 (2020) 110678.
[47] D.G. Atinafu, S.J. Chang, K.H. Kim, W. Dong, S. Kim, Chem. Eng. J. 389 (2020) 124430.
[48] J.Q. Xu, T.T. Yang, X. Xu, X. Guo, J.Z. Cao, Compos. Pt. A-Appl.Sci. Manuf. 139 (2020) 106098.
[49] X. Chen, P. Cheng, Z.D. Tang, X.L. Xu, H.Y. Gao, G. Wang, Adv. Sci. 8 (2021) 2001274.
[50] R.K. Mishra, K. Verma, V. Mishra, B. Chaudhary, J. Energy Storage 50 (2022) 104166.
[51] H. Badenhorst, Sol. Energy 192 (2019) 35-68.
[52] A. Allahbakhsh, M. Arjmand, Carbon 148 (2019) 441-480.
[53] H. Göksu, E. Aydınlı, G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, O. Gencel, S. Subas, A. Tozluǒglu, Surf. Interfaces 31 (2022) 102088.
[54] G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, R.K. Sharma, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 44 (2023) 102081.
[55] P. Singh, R.K. Sharma, G. Hekimǒglu, A. Sarı, O. Gencel, V.V. Tyagi, J. Energy Storage 64 (2023) 107205.
[56] D.G. Atinafu, Y.S. Ok, H.W. Kua, S. Kim, Appl. Therm. Eng. 181 (2020) 115960.
[57] H.Y. Gao, J.J. Wang, X. Chen, G. Wang, X.B. Huang, A. Li, W.J. Dong, Nano En-ergy 53 (2018) 769-797.
[58] P. Zhang, X. Xiao, Z.W. Ma, Appl. Energ. 165 (2016) 472-510.
[59] F. Cheng, Y. Xu, J.H. Zhang, L. Wang, H.H. Zhang, Q. Wan, S. Xu, W.P. Li, L. Wang, Z.H. Huang, J. Energy Storage 68 (2023) 107718.
[60] X.X. Li, J.Y. Zhang, B.W. Fu, C.Y. Song, W. Shang, P. Tao, T. Deng, Energ. Convers. Manage. 222 (2020) 113241.
[61] Z.W. Huang, D.H. Zhai, X.N. Gao, T. Xu, Y.T. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Appl. Therm. Eng. 86 (2015) 309-317.
[62] X.H. Luo, Q.G. Guo, X.F. Li, Z.H. Tao, S.W. Lei, J.Q. Liu, L.B. Kang, D.F. Zheng, Z.J. Liu, Renew. Energ. 145 (2020) 2046-2055.
[63] X. Zhu, L. Han, Y.F. Lu, F. Wei, X.L. Jia, Appl. Energ. 254 (2019) 113688.
[64] X. Zhu, Q. Wang, S.G. Kang, J.L. Li, X.L. Jia, Chem. Eng. J. 395 (2020) 125112.
[65] L. Yang, Y.P. Yuan, N. Zhang, Y.F. Dong, Y.F. Sun, W.H. Ji, Int. J. Energ. Res. 44 (2020) 8555-8566.
[66] G.J. Chen, Y.P. Su, D.Y. Jiang, L.J. Pan, S. Li, Appl. Energ. 264 (2020) 114786.
[67] X.S. Du, M. Zhou, S. Deng, Z.L. Du, X. Cheng, H.B. Wang, Cellulose 27 (2020) 4679-4690.
[68] Q.R. Sun, N. Zhang, H.Q. Zhang, X.P. Yu, Y.L. Ding, Y.P. Yuan, Renew. Energ. 145 (2020) 2629-2636.
[69] Q.R. Sun, H.Q. Zhang, Y.P. Yuan, X.L. Cao, L.L. Sun, Adv. Eng. Mater. 20 (2018) 1700643.
[70] S.Y. Wu, X.Y. Ma, D.Q. Peng, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 212 (2023) 124266.
[71] Y.A. Zhang, P. Wu, Y. Meng, R.W. Lu, S.F. Zhang, B.T. Tang, Chem. Eng. J. 464 (2023) 142650.
[72] H.G. Gui, X.N. Zhao, S.X. Zuo, W.J. Liu, C.Y. Wang, P. Xu, Y.S. Ding, C. Yao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15 (2023) 39740-39751.
[73] N.X. Hu, H.C. Li, Q.P. Wei, K.C. Zhou, W. Zhu, L. Zhang, S.B. Li, W.T. Ye, Z.K. Jiao, J.T. Luo, L. Ma, Q.W. Yan, C.T. Lin, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 200 (2020) 108293.
[74] P. Cheng, H.Y. Gao, X. Chen, Y.Y. Chen, M.Y. Han, L.W. Xing, P.P. Liu, G. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 397 (2020) 125330.
[75] Y.P. Xia, Q.T. Li, R. Ji, H.Z. Zhang, F. Xu, P.R. Huang, Y.J. Zou, H.L. Chu, X.C. Lin, L.X. Sun, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 41398-41409.
[76] M.M. Umair, Y. Zhang, K. Iqbal, S.F. Zhang, B.T. Tang, Appl. Energ. 235 (2019) 846-873.
[77] W.G. Su, M.Y. Hu, L. Wang, G. Kokogiannakis, J. Chen, L.Y. Gao, A.Q. Li, C.H. Xu, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 168 (2022) 112806.
[78] C. Shu, H.Y. Zhao, X.H. Lu, P. Min, Y. Zhang, Q.L. Wang, X.F. Li, Z.Z. Yu, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 11 (2023) 11991-12003.
[79] M. Qian, Z. Li, L.G. Fan, H.B. Wang, J.J. Xu, W. Zhao, F.Q. Huang, ACS Appl. Energ. Mater. 3 (2020) 5517-5522.
[80] P. Zhang, J.J. Li, R.S. Xie, J. Shen, L.X. Song, L. Chen, Diam. Relat. Mater. 103 (2020) 107716.
[81] P. Yang, B. Wu, X. Tong, M. Zeng, Q.W. Wang, Z.L. Cheng, Energy 279 (2023) 128051.
[82] D.Y. Che, S.X. Zhang, L. Gao, B.Z. Sun, X.H. Tong, Gegentana, Polym. Compos. 44 (2023) 4109-4120.
[83] J.X. Wang, H. Lai, M.L. Zhong, X.D. Liu, Y.P. Chen, S.H. Yao, Small Methods 7 (2023) 2300139.
[84] G.Q. Yang, L.Y. Zhao, C.F. Shen, Z.P. Mao, H. Xu, X.L. Feng, B.J. Wang, X.F. Sui, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 209 (2020) 110441.
[85] Z. Tao, X. Chen, M. Yang, X.L. Xu, Y. Sun, Y.Q. Li, J.J. Wang, G. Wang, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 215 (2020) 110600.
[86] Z.C. Feng, W.B. Yang, X. Liu, F.F. He, Y.S. Li, Y.L. Zhou, J.H. Fan, K. Zhang, Appl. Therm. Eng. 178 (2020) 115633.
[87] M.Y. Liu, H.H. Wang, S. Wu, Y.N. Wang, S.M. Qiu, S.D. Zhang, C.L. Bao, Appl. Therm. Eng. 174 (2020) 115319.
[88] J.L. Deng, Y. Kou, H.Q. Liu, M.Z. Yang, K.Y. Sun, R. Joshi, Q. Shi, ACS Appl. Energ. Mater. 6 (2023) 7457-7467.
[89] J.F. Hu, S.X. Zhang, H.Q. Fu, J.Q. Qu, Z.G. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 470 (2023) 144069.
[90] Z.Y. Zeng, B.C. Zhao, R.Z. Wang, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 182 (2023) 113373.
[91] Y. Zhao, X.L. Zhang, X.F. Xu, S.H. Zhang, J. Energy Storage 30 (2020) 101455.
[92] C.O. Chin, X. Yang, S.C. Paul, L.S.Wong Susilawati, S.Y. Kong, J. Clean. Prod. 261 (2020) 121227.
[93] Q.Q. Wang, D. Zhou, Y.M. Chen, P. Eames, Z.G. Wu, Renew. Energ. 147 (2020) 1131-1138.
[94] C.C. Li, B. Zhang, Q.X. Liu, J. Energy Storage 29 (2020) 101339.
[95] Y.H. Fang, H.T. Xu, Y.B. Miao, Z.R. Bai, J.L. Niu, S.M. Deng, Appl. Energ. 275 (2020) 115325.
[96] Y.L. Song, N. Zhang, Y.G. Jing, X.L. Cao, Y.P. Yuan, F. Haghighat, Energy 189 (2019) 116175.
[97] K.N. Yan, L. Qiu, Y.H. Feng, J. Energy Storage 68 (2023) 107667.
[98] X.L. Wang, B. Li, Z.G. Qu, J.F. Zhang, Z.G. Jin, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 155 (2020) 119853.
[99] D.Y. Zhou, J.W. Yuan, Y.H. Zhou, Y.C. Liu, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 10889.
[100] D.Y. Zhou, J.W. Yuan, Y.H. Zhou, Y.C. Liu, Energies 13 (2020) 2462.
[101] B. Padya, N. Ravikiran, R. Kali, N. Narasaiah, P.K. Jain, T.N. Rao, Mater. Today 26 (2020) 52-57.
[102] H.B. Yin, S.Y. Gao, C.C. Liao, C.M. Li, Z.D. Cai, Y.J. Xu, J. Liu, J. Clean. Prod. 235 (2019) 359-368.
[103] J. Lee, S. Wi, S. Yang, S. Kim, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 155 (2020) 106410.
[104] S. Wu, T.X. Li, Z. Tong, J.W. Chao, T.Y. Zhai, J.X. Xu, T.S. Yan, M.Q. Wu, Z.Y. Xu, H. Bao, T. Deng, R.Z. Wang, Adv. Mater. 31 (2019) 1905099.
[105] S. Wu, T.X. Li, M.Q. Wu, J.X. Xu, Y.H. Hu, J.W. Chao, T.S. Yan, R.Z. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 20011-20020.
[106] C.H. Liu, Y. Song, Z. Xu, J.T. Zhao, Z.H. Rao, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 148 (2020) 119068.
[107] Z.H. Tao, H.B. Wang, J.Q. Liu, W.G. Zhao, Z.J. Liu, Q.G. Guo, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 169 (2017) 222-225.
[108] X.C. Zuo, X.G. Zhao, J.W. Li, Y.Q. Hu, H.M. Yang, D.L. Chen, Sol. Energy 209 (2020) 85-95.
[109] Y. Ma, H. Yang, H.Y. Zuo, Y. Ma, Q.S. Zuo, Y. Chen, X.X. He, R.R. Wei, Energy 278 (2023) 127798.
[110] X.G. Zhang, Y.Q. Li, C.H. Luo, C.C. Pan, Renew. Energ. 177 (2021) 411-421.
[111] C.Y. Ma, Y. Zhang, X.F. Chen, X.D. Song, K.X. Tang, Materials 13 (2020) 16.
[112] S.Q. Gong, X.M. Cheng, Y.Y. Li, X.L. Wang, Y.P. Wang, H. Zhong, Powder Technol 367 (2020) 32-39.
[113] T. Zou, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Micropor. Meso-por. Mater. 305 (2020) 110403.
[114] Y.Y.C. Zhang, X.L. Zhang, Sol. Energy 204 (2020) 683-695.
[115] W. Lu, G.Z. Liu, Z.B. Xiong, Z.G. Wu, G.H. Zhang, Sol. Energy 195 (2020) 573-580.
[116] Y. Li, G. Yue, Y.M. Yu, Q.Z. Zhu, Energy 196 (2020) 117067.
[117] C.C. Li, B. Zhang, B.S. Xie, X.B. Zhao, J. Chen, Energ. Convers. Manage. 208 (2020) 112586.
[118] S.F. Wu, T. Yan, Z.H. Kuai, W.G. Pan, Renew. Energ. 150 (2020) 1057-1065.
[119] S.F. Wu, T. Yan, Z.H. Kuai, W.G. Pan, Sol. Energy 205 (2020) 474-486.
[120] T. Zou, W.W. Fu, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Energy 190 (2020) 116473.
[121] T. Zou, W.W. Fu, X.H. Liang, S.F. Wang, X.N. Gao, Z.G. Zhang, Y.T. Fang, Int. J. Refrig. 95 (2018) 175-181.
[122] J.W. Liu, M. Xie, Z.Y. Ling, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Sol. Energy 159 (2018) 226-233.
[123] M. Xie, J.C. Huang, Z.Y. Ling, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 201 (2019) 110081.
[124] Q. Yu, Y.W. Lu, C.C. Zhang, X.P. Zhang, Y.T. Wu, A. Sciacovelli, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 215 (2020) 110590.
[125] Q. Yu, Y.W. Lu, C.C. Zhang, Y.T. Wu, B. Sunden, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 201 (2019) 110055.
[126] Q.Q. Xiao, J.H. Cao, Y.X. Zhang, L. Li, T. Xu, W.H. Yuan, Sol. Energy 199 (2020) 484-490.
[127] L.F. Liu, J.Y. Chen, Y. Qu, T. Xu, H.J. Wu, X.Q. Zhou, H.G. Zhang, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 201 (2019) 110112.
[128] J. Lee, S. Wi, S.G. Jeong, S.J. Chang, S. Kim, Thermochim. Acta 655 (2017) 194-201.
[129] D.L. Feng, P. Li, Y.H. Feng, Y.Y. Yan, X.X. Zhang, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 310 (2021) 110631.
[130] X.L. Zhang, Q.L. Lin, H.J. Luo, S.Y. Luo, Appl. Energ. 260 (2020) 114278.
[131] X.L. Zhang, X. Wang, C.H. Zhong, Q.L. Lin, J. Ind. Eng.Chem. 85 (2020) 208-218.
[132] Y.K. Jing, K. Dixit, S.N. Schiffres, H. Liu, Energ. Fuel 37 (2023) 12381-12390.
[133] D.G. Atinafu, S.J. Chang, K.H. Kim, S. Kim, Chem. Eng. J. 394 (2020) 125049.
[134] D.G. Atinafu, S.J. Chang, S. Kim, J. Hazard Mater. 399 (2020) 123041.
[135] C.J. Wang, W.D. Liang, Y.Y. Yang, F. Liu, H.X. Sun, Z.Q. Zhu, A. Li, Renew. Energ. 153 (2020) 182-192.
[136] F. Cheng, Z.F. Lv, Y.F. Xu, Z.H. Huang, X. Min, M.H. Fang, Y.G. Liu, X.W. Wu, Compos. Sci. Technol. 188 (2020) 107965.
[137] X. Zhu, L. Han, F. Yang, J. Jiang, X.L. Jia, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 208 (2020) 110361.
[138] Y. Lu, R.P. Hu, X.P. Chen, Y.X. Bai, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 160 (2023) 248-257.
[139] L. Hu, Y.K. An, L. Zhang, L.Q. Mai, T. Ma, Q.Y. An, Q.W. Wang, J. Energy Storage 72 (2023) 108520.
[140] F. Agyenim, N. Hewitt, P. Eames, M. Smyth, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14 (2010) 615-628.
[141] E. Vengadesan, R. Senthil, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 134 (2020) 110315.
[142] K.X. Dong, N. Sheng, D.Q. Zou, C. Wang, K. Shimono, T. Akiyama, T. Nomura, Appl. Energ. 264 (2020) 114685.
[143] J. Lee, S. Wi, B.Y. Yun, S.J. Chang, S. Kim, J. Ind. Eng.Chem. 70 (2019) 281-289.