Facile synthesis of lightweight 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanoflowers/reduced graphene oxide composite foams with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.042

Abstract

Abstract:

Considering the high filling ratios, high densities, and narrow absorbing bandwidths of the current electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers, in this work, we successfully synthesized a 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanoflowers/reduced graphene oxide (NiCo2O4/RGO) composite foam by a simple method under gentle condition. The NiCo2O4 nanoflowers and unique 3D foam structure are beneficial to the refraction and scattering of EMW, which endows the prepared 3D foam with highly efficient EMW absorption performance. When the ratio between NiCo2O4 and RGO in the foam is 1:1, 5% mass fraction of NiCo2O4/RGO foam in paraffin wax can reach a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of -52.2 dB with a thin thickness merely 2.6 mm. Simultaneously, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL exceeding -10 dB) is 7.04 GHz that covers the whole Ku band (10.96-18 GHz). Moreover, the effects of the thickness of the absorber and the loading ratios of the foam in paraffin wax matrix on the EMW absorption properties are also carefully investigated. The results indicate that the optimum EMW absorption performance of NiCo2O4/RGO can be tuned in different bands. The EMW absorption mechanism is ascribed to the proper impedance matching and larger dielectric and magnetic loss produced by the synergy of NiCo2O4 and RGO. Therefore, the NiCo2O4/RGO hybrid foam is ideal candidate to be used as high-efficient EMW absorbers with low filling ratio, light weight, and broad frequency bandwidths.

Key words: NiCo₂O₄ nanoflowers, Reduced graphene oxide foam, Lightweight, Low filling ratio, Broad bandwidth, Electromagnetic wave absorber

Ning Sun, Wen Li, Shuang Wei, Hui Gao, Wei Wang, Shougang Chen. Facile synthesis of lightweight 3D hierarchical NiCo₂O₄ nanoflowers/reduced graphene oxide composite foams with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 91: 187-199.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1. The mechanism for the formation of 3D NiCo2O4/RGO foam.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD spectra obtained from NiCo2O4 and NiCo2O4/RGO, (b) RMS obtained from GO and NiCo2O4/RGO.

Fig. 3. SEM images of NiCo2O4 (a, b), RGO (c, d) and NiCo2O4/RGO (e, f).

Fig. 4. EDS atomic percentage (a), mapping (b-f) of NiCo2O4/ RGO.

Fig. 5. TEM (a-c) and HRTEM images (d-f) of NiCo2O4/RGO composite.

Fig. 6. XPS spectra of NiCo2O4/RGO composite: (a) Ni 2p, (b) Co 2p, (c) C 1s and O 1s (d).

Fig. 7. 3D RL plots and RL values versus frequency and thicknesses of S0 (a, e), S1 (b, f), S2 (c, g) and S3 (d, h) under 5 wt.% loadings.

Fig. 8. RL curves (a), dependence of tm on fm at the wavelength of λ/4 (b), the RLmin values (c), EAB at different layer thicknesses of S2 with the 5 wt.% loading (d).

Fig. 9. The minimum RL value and 2D counter maps for (a, d) 2 wt.%, (b, e) 5 wt.%, and (c, f) 8 wt.% of S2.

Fig. 10. The complex permittivity real part (a), imaginary part (b) and dielectric loss tangent (c) of all samples, Cole-Cole semicircles of S1 (d), S2 (e), S3 (f).

Fig. 11. The complex permeability real part (a), imaginary part (b), magnetic loss tangent (c) and μ″(μ′) -2f -1 values (d) of all samples.

Fig. 12. Frequency dependences of α (a), |Zin/Z0| (b) and RL curves (c) of all NiCo2O4/RGO hybrids, the RL value with corresponding α and |Zin/Z0| of S2 (d).

Fig. 13. The EMW absorption mechanism of NiCo2O4/RGO composites.

Table 1 Typical EMW absorbers reported in recent literatures.

Materials	Ratios (wt.%)	d (mm)	f (GHz)	RL_min (dB)	Band (GHz)	Refs.
MoS₂/RGO	40	2.52	8.72	-49.41	4.45	[5]
3D RGO/Fe₃O₄	23	2.4	10.08	-64.4	6	[7]
3D flower-like Co₃O₄/rGO	50	2.4	11.2	-61.0	4	[16]
CoS₂/rGO	50	2.2	10.9	-56.9	4.1	[17]
NiCo₂O₄ hollow nanoparticles /RGO	50	3.0	8.0	-20.3	2.6	[19]
Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄/NRGO	40	2.9	8.2	-63.2	5.4	[30]
CoFe₂O₄/RGO	50	2.8	/	-57.7	5.8	[56]
Fe₃O₄/N-GN	50	3.4	6.8	-65.3	4	[57]
ZnFe₂O₄/MWCNTs /RGO	50	1.0	17.4	-22.2	2.3	[58]
Hollow NiFe₂O₄/graphene	15	3.5	8.32	-40.9	2.8	[59]
CNT/Fe₃O₄/RGO	/(PDMS)	1.42	13.5	-50.5	5.7	[60]
NiCo₂O₄ nanoflowers/RGO foam	5	2.6	13.68	-52.2	7.04	This work
NiCo₂O₄ nanoflowers/RGO foam	8	2.5	9.28	-46.5	6.48	This work

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Facile synthesis of lightweight 3D hierarchical NiCo₂O₄ nanoflowers/reduced graphene oxide composite foams with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance

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