Effects of surface roughening on antibacterial and osteogenic properties of Ti-Cu alloys with different Cu contents

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.067

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to reduce implant-related infections and improve early osseointegration, we performed HF⁺ anodic oxidation on the surface of the new antibacterial Ti-Cu alloy to make the titanium-based implants have a micro/submicron structure. On this basis, a series of surface-modified Ti-xCu alloys with different Cu contents (3, 5 and 7 wt%) were fabricated and a comprehensive study was conducted on MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Results showed that the Ti-xCu alloys by HF etching + anodized possessed multifunctional characteristics of antibiofilm and antibacterial abilities, excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis promoting abilities. Increment of Cu content significantly contributed to the antibacterial and osteogenic properties of HF etching + anodized Ti-Cu alloys. Cell proliferation rates of HF etching + anodized Ti-7Cu alloys were lower than those of Ti-3Cu and Ti-5Cu alloys, while the early cell apoptosis rates were higher than Ti-3Cu and Ti-5Cu groups. All the above results finally presented that the HF etching + anodized Ti-5Cu alloy exhibited extremely strong antibacterial properties, good biological compatibility and osteogenic ability, as well as the most excellent ductility and corrosion resistance, providing a great potential application for the future dental implantation.

Key words: Ti-Cu, Cu contents, HF, Antibacterial, Osteogenesis

Wei Zhang, Shuyuan Zhang, Hui Liu, Ling Ren, Qiang Wang, Yang Zhang. Effects of surface roughening on antibacterial and osteogenic properties of Ti-Cu alloys with different Cu contents[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 88: 158-167.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 Chemical composition of Ti-Cu alloys with different Cu contents.

Samples	Actual composition (wt.%)
	Main	Less than
	Ti	Cu	Fe	C	O	N	H
Ti-3Cu	Remaining	3.00	0.05	0.005	0.093	0.005	0.0006
Ti-5Cu	Remaining	4.82	0.05	0.009	0.093	0.009	0.0008
Ti-7Cu	Remaining	6.60	0.05	0.004	0.082	0.004	0.0006

Fig. 1. SEM images and CLSM 3D surface profiles of Ti-3Cu, Ti-5Cu, Ti-7Cu and Ti.

Table 2 Mean ± one standard deviation (SD) values of roughness (Sa) of different sample surfaces.

Surface	Ti-3Cu	Ti-5Cu	Ti-7Cu	Ti
S_a (μm)	1.051 ± 0.098	1.056 ± 0.008	1.058 ± 0.086	1.077 ± 0.006

Fig. 2. SEM analysis for the cross section of Ti-3Cu, Ti-5Cu, Ti-7Cu.

Fig. 3. (a) Water contact angles and (b) Cu2+ ions concentrations in 0.9 % NaCl medium incubated with Ti-3Cu (y=-4742.06227 + 4757.84868*X0.0018, R2 = 0.99908), Ti-5Cu (y=-48811.64401 + 48847.22371*X0.00068, R2 = 0.99844), Ti-7Cu (y=-115023.21351 + 115286.64226*X0.00060, R2 = 0.99978). *P < 0.05.

Fig. 4. Antibacterial rates (a) and Live/Dead fluorescent images of S. aureus (b) on Ti-3Cu, Ti-5Cu, Ti-7Cu and Ti surfaces for 24 h. *P < 0.05.

Fig. 5. Representative fluorescence microscopy images and quantitative results: images showing cells (blue), proteins (red) and polysaccharides (green) content of biofilms on the surface of Ti-3Cu, Ti-5Cu, Ti-7Cu and Ti.

Fig. 6. SEM morphologies under a high magnification for S. aureus on surfaces of Ti-3Cu (a), Ti-5Cu (b), Ti-7Cu (c) alloy and Ti (d) and TEM micrographs of inner structures of S. aureus, (d) S. aureus treated with Ti-3Cu; (e) S. aureus treated with Ti-5Cu; (f) S. aureus treated with Ti-7Cu; (g) S. aureus treated with Ti.

Fig. 7. Cell proliferation (a) and viability (b) of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on different material surfaces for 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, respectively. Cell nucleus (blue) and actin (red) fluorescence staining of MC3T3-E1cells (c). *P < 0.05.

Fig. 8. Apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on various material surfaces for 4 and 7 days, respectively. *P < 0.05.

Fig. 9. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on various material surfaces. *P < 0.05.

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