J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 77: 187-195.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.052
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hongge Lia, Yongjiang Huanga,*(
), Jianfei Suna, Yunzhuo Lub,*()
Received:2020-08-05
Revised:2020-10-15
Accepted:2020-10-27
Published:2021-06-30
Online:2020-11-22
Contact:
Yongjiang Huang,Yunzhuo Lu
About author:luyz@djtu.edu.cn (Y. Lu).Hongge Li, Yongjiang Huang, Jianfei Sun, Yunzhuo Lu. The relationship between thermo-mechanical history, microstructure and mechanical properties in additively manufactured CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 77: 187-195.
Fig. 1. (a)The SEM image showing the morphologies of the raw CoCrFeMnNi HEA powders, and (b) the outer appearance of the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts fabricated by LMD process.
| Proprieties | CoCrFeMnNi | 45# Steel | Parameters | LMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (kg/m3 ) | 7980 | 7840 | Laser diameter (mm) | 3 |
| Latent heat (J/kg) | 2.20 × 105 | 2.47 × 105 | Laser power (W) | 1400 |
| Solidus temperature (℃) | 1250 | 1350 | Scanning rate (mm/min) | 600 |
| Liquidus temperature(℃) | 1340 | 1500 | ||
| Radiation coefficient | 0.85 | 0.85 | ||
| Convection coefficient(J/m2 s℃) | 80 | 80 |
Table 1. The thermo-physical properties of CoCrFeMnNi HEA and 45# steel, and the processing parameters for the LMD process.
| Proprieties | CoCrFeMnNi | 45# Steel | Parameters | LMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (kg/m3 ) | 7980 | 7840 | Laser diameter (mm) | 3 |
| Latent heat (J/kg) | 2.20 × 105 | 2.47 × 105 | Laser power (W) | 1400 |
| Solidus temperature (℃) | 1250 | 1350 | Scanning rate (mm/min) | 600 |
| Liquidus temperature(℃) | 1340 | 1500 | ||
| Radiation coefficient | 0.85 | 0.85 | ||
| Convection coefficient(J/m2 s℃) | 80 | 80 |
| Temperature (℃) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (m/(m℃)) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Heat Capacity (J/(kg℃) | Thermal Conductivity (W/(m℃)) | Yield Strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 1.58 × 10-5 | 194.63 | 0.28 | 494 | 12.46 | 620 |
| 100 | 1.68 × 10-5 | 188.38 | 0.31 | 522 | 14.19 | 525 |
| 200 | 1.80 × 10-5 | 183.75 | 0.33 | 545 | 15.98 | 420 |
| 400 | 1.92 × 10-5 | 168.84 | 0.38 | 570 | 18.96 | 370 |
| 600 | 1.99 × 10-5 | 154.55 | 0.43 | 623 | 22.94 | 320 |
| 800 | 2.04 × 10-5 | 137.51 | 0.45 | 628 | 24.71 | 190 |
| 1000 | 2.11 × 10-5 | 124.51 | 0.46 | 642 | 26.93 | 70 |
Table 2. The temperature-dependent material properties of CoCrFeMnNi HEA.
| Temperature (℃) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (m/(m℃)) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Heat Capacity (J/(kg℃) | Thermal Conductivity (W/(m℃)) | Yield Strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 1.58 × 10-5 | 194.63 | 0.28 | 494 | 12.46 | 620 |
| 100 | 1.68 × 10-5 | 188.38 | 0.31 | 522 | 14.19 | 525 |
| 200 | 1.80 × 10-5 | 183.75 | 0.33 | 545 | 15.98 | 420 |
| 400 | 1.92 × 10-5 | 168.84 | 0.38 | 570 | 18.96 | 370 |
| 600 | 1.99 × 10-5 | 154.55 | 0.43 | 623 | 22.94 | 320 |
| 800 | 2.04 × 10-5 | 137.51 | 0.45 | 628 | 24.71 | 190 |
| 1000 | 2.11 × 10-5 | 124.51 | 0.46 | 642 | 26.93 | 70 |
| Temperature (℃) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (m/(m℃)) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Heat Capacity (J/(kg℃) | Thermal Conductivity (W/(m℃)) | Yield Strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 1.25 × 10-5 | 206.63 | 0.28 | 472 | 47.15 | 1280 |
| 200 | 1.33 × 10-5 | 183.38 | 0.29 | 480 | 45.25 | 970 |
| 400 | 1.47 × 10-5 | 145.75 | 0.31 | 524 | 38.23 | 840 |
| 600 | 1.50 × 10-5 | 118.84 | 0.40 | 615 | 37.07 | 680 |
| 1000 | 1.68 × 10-5 | 87.51 | 0.45 | 806 | 54.36 | 510 |
Table 3. The temperature-dependent material properties of 45# steel.
| Temperature (℃) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (m/(m℃)) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Heat Capacity (J/(kg℃) | Thermal Conductivity (W/(m℃)) | Yield Strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 1.25 × 10-5 | 206.63 | 0.28 | 472 | 47.15 | 1280 |
| 200 | 1.33 × 10-5 | 183.38 | 0.29 | 480 | 45.25 | 970 |
| 400 | 1.47 × 10-5 | 145.75 | 0.31 | 524 | 38.23 | 840 |
| 600 | 1.50 × 10-5 | 118.84 | 0.40 | 615 | 37.07 | 680 |
| 1000 | 1.68 × 10-5 | 87.51 | 0.45 | 806 | 54.36 | 510 |
Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns at different positions with inset highlighting (111) peaks, (b) fitted FWHM results and (c) residual stress measurements along the deposition direction in the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts fabricated by LMD.
Fig. 3. (a) OM image showing the longitudinal cross-sectional microstructures, (b) and (c) SEM images of the bottom and the top part marked by yellow boxes in (a), (d) EBSD image, and (e) elemental distribution maps of the as-deposited CoCrFeMnNi HEA.
Fig. 4. Bright-field TEM images showing dislocations with different densities formed in (a) the bottom, (b) the middle, (c) the top of the as-deposited HEA parts.
Fig. 5. Micro-hardness values along the deposition direction in the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts with inset showing the measured positions.
Fig. 6. Simulated results of the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts: (a) the temperature field distribution, (b) the thermal cycle curve of one node, and (c) the relationship between grain size and Rc for different positions labeled as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in.(a).
Fig. 7. Simulated results in the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts: (a) the stress field distribution, (b) the schematic diagram of stress-induced dislocation generation, and (c) ρ and thermal stress for different test points labeled as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in.(a).
Fig. 8. (a) The relationship between grain size, dislocation density and micro-hardness, and (b) strength contributions offered from multiple strengthening mechanisms in the single-track CoCrFeMnNi HEA parts.
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