TiO2 electron transport bilayer for all-inorganic perovskite photodetectors with remarkably improved UV stability toward imaging applications

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.028

Abstract

Abstract:

High ultraviolet (UV) stability and low dark current (I_dark) are necessary for high-quality perovskite photodetectors (PDs). TiO₂ thin film is known as effective electron-transport-layer (ETL) for perovskite devices. However, common spin-coated TiO₂ ETLs endow many surface defects and have strong UV photocatalytic effect to decompose perovskite materials, resulting in inferior stability of devices. In this work, TiO₂ bilayer film (Bi-TiO₂) has been fabricated by combining spin-coating and atomic-layer-deposition process and its positive effects on UV stability and I_dark of Cs₂AgBiBr₆-based PDs have been revealed for the first time. It is demonstrated that Bi-TiO₂ possesses fewer surface defects and smoother morphology with type Ⅱ band alignment, which is beneficial to suppress photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ and reduce carrier recombination at the interface. After accelerated strong UV aging treatment, the PD with Bi-TiO₂ maintains excellent performance, whereas the PD with spin-coated TiO₂ film dramatically deteriorate with on-off ratio drops from ~10² to ~2. Besides, the I_dark of PD remarkably decreases from ~10^-8 A to ~10^-10 A after bilayer optimization. Furthermore, we have integrated the corresponding PDs into a self-built imaging system adopting diffuse reflection mode. This work suggests a feasible approach to fabricate TiO₂/Cs₂AgBiBr₆-based PDs with remarkable UV tolerance for imaging applications.

Key words: TiO₂ bilayer film, All-Iinorganic perovskite, Photodetector, UV stability, Atomic-layer-deposition, Reflective imaging

Ye Yuan, Zhong Ji, Genghua Yan, Zhuowei Li, Jinliang Li, Min Kuang, Bangqi Jiang, Longlong Zeng, Likun Pan, Wenjie Mai. TiO₂ electron transport bilayer for all-inorganic perovskite photodetectors with remarkably improved UV stability toward imaging applications[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75: 39-47.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. Performance comparison. (a) I-T curves of TiO2-Single PD and TiO2-Bilayer PD with illumination. (b) J-V curves of TiO2-Single PD and TiO2-Bilayer PD under dark and light illumination with 405 nm laser. UV aging (after 6 h) test results of (c) TiO2-Single PD and (d) TiO2-Bilayer PD.

Table 1 Comparison of photoresponse performance of double-perovskite PDs that are free of organic contact layer reported in previous literatures.

Device structure	Conditions	R (AW^-1)	D* (Jones)	-3 dB (kHz)	Rise/decay time (μs)	Ref.
Au/Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Au	5 V, 404 nm	7.01	5.66 × 10¹¹	N/A	956/995	[52]
ITO/SnO₂/Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Au	0 V, 435 nm	0.11	2.4 × 10¹⁰	N/A	2 × 10³	[53]
ITO/Cs₃BiBr₆/ITO	6 V, 400 nm	2.5 × 10^-5	8 × 10⁸	N/A	5 × 10⁴/6 × 10⁴	[54]
Au/Cs₂AgInCl₆ SC/Au	5 V, 365 nm	0.013	~10¹²	1.035	8 × 10²/10³	[19]
FTO/Bi-TiO₂/Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Ag	0 V, 405 nm	0.11	~10¹²	50	6.8/5.5	This work

Fig. 2. The schematic of the photocatalytic activity for TiO2 films. With the introduction of ALD-TiO2 layer, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 could be weakened.

Fig. 3. SEM surface morphology of (a) SS-TiO2 film and (b) Bi-TiO2 film. AFM images of (c) SS-TiO2 film and (d) Bi-TiO2 film. (e,f) The corresponding KPFM images of the two kinds of TiO2 films.

Fig. 4. SEM surface morphology of Cs2AgBiBr6 film grown on (a) SS-TiO2 coated and (b) Bi-TiO2 coated substrates. 3D AFM images of Cs2AgBiBr6 film grown on (c) SS-TiO2 coated and (d) Bi-TiO2 coated substrates and the corresponding Rq.

Fig. 5. The XPS spectra of O 1s core levels for (a) SS-TiO2 and (b) ALD-TiO2 films.

Fig. 6. Transmittance spectra of (a) SS-TiO2 film and (b) ALD-TiO2 film. The inset is the corresponding Tauc plot. UPS spectra of (c) SS-TiO2 film and (d) ALD-TiO2 film. The insets are the corresponding low-energy side and high-energy side.

Fig. 7. Energy band diagram of TiO2-Bilayer PD.

Fig. 8. (a) Schematic of the self-built imaging system. (b) Photograph of the actual pattern. (c) Spatial distribution of light current using TiO2-Bilayer PD with illumination of 0.4 Wcm-2. Images using (d) TiO2-Bilayer PD and (e) TiO2-Single PD with illumination of 0.4 Wcm-2. Images using (f) TiO2-Bilayer PD and (g) TiO2-Single PD which have aged under UV illumination for 6 h. FL: Focus Lens, BE: Beam Expander.

References 56

[1]	X. Gong, M. Tong, Y. Xia, W. Cai, J.S. Moon, Y. Cao, G. Yu, C.-L. Shieh, B. Nilsson, A.J. Heeger, Science 325 (2009) 1665-1667. DOI URL
[2]	T. Agostinelli, M. Campoy-Quiles, J.C. Blakesley, R. Speller, D.D.C. Bradley, J. Nelson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008), 203305. DOI URL
[3]	T. Yang, Y. Zheng, Z. Du, W. Liu, Z. Yang, F. Gao, L. Wang, K.C. Chou, X. Hou, W. Yang, ACS Nano 12 (2018) 1611-1617. DOI PMID
[4]	C. Li, J. Lu, Y. Zhao, L. Sun, G. Wang, Y. Ma, S. Zhang, J. Zhou, L. Shen, W. Huang, Highly Sensitive,Small 15 (2019), e1903599.
[5]	Y. Zhao, C. Li, J. Jiang, B. Wang, L. Shen, Small 16 (2020), e2001534.
[6]	C. Li, H. Wang, F. Wang, T. Li, M. Xu, H. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Zhan, W. Hu, L. Shen, Light Sci. Appl. 9 (2020) 31. DOI URL
[7]	H. Park, K.B. Crozier, Opt. Express 23 (2015) 7209-7216. DOI URL
[8]	X. Sheng, C. Yu, V. Malyarchuk, Y.-H. Lee, S. Kim, T. Kim, L. Shen, C. Horng, J. Lutz, N.C. Giebink, J. Park, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2 (2014) 314-319. DOI URL
[9]	Q. Dong, Y. Fang, Y. Shao, P. Mulligan, J. Qiu, L. Cao, J. Huang, Science 347 (2015) 967-970. DOI URL
[10]	J. De Roo, M. Ibanez, P. Geiregat, G. Nedelcu, W. Walravens, J. Maes, J.C. Martins, I. Van Driessche, M.V. Kovalenko, Z. Hens, ACS Nano 10 (2016) 2071-2081. DOI URL
[11]	W. Tian, H. Zhou, L. Li, Small 13 (2017), 1702107. DOI URL
[12]	Y. Dong, Y. Zou, J. Song, X. Song, H. Zeng, J. Mater. Chem. C 5 (2017) 11369-11394. DOI URL
[13]	Z.K. Tan, R.S. Moghaddam, M.L. Lai, P. Docampo, R. Higler, F. Deschler, M. Price, A. Sadhanala, L.M. Pazos, D. Credgington, F. Hanusch, T. Bein, H.J. Snaith, R.H. Friend, Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 (2014) 687-692. DOI URL
[14]	R. Lin, K. Xiao, Z. Qin, Q. Han, C. Zhang, M. Wei, M.I. Saidaminov, Y. Gao, J. Xu, M. Xiao, A. Li, J. Zhu, E.H. Sargent, H. Tan, Nat. Energy 4 (2019) 864-873. DOI URL
[15]	A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 6050-6051. DOI URL
[16]	L. Dou, Y.M. Yang, J. You, Z. Hong, W.H. Chang, G. Li, Y. Yang, Nat. Commun. 5 (2014) 5404. DOI URL
[17]	M. Leng, Y. Yang, K. Zeng, Z. Chen, Z. Tan, S. Li, J. Li, B. Xu, D. Li, M.P. Hautzinger, Y. Fu, T. Zhai, L. Xu, G. Niu, S. Jin, J. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (2018), 1704446. DOI URL
[18]	M. Chen, M.-G. Ju, A.D. Carl, Y. Zong, R.L. Grimm, J. Gu, X.C. Zeng, Y. Zhou, N.P. Padture, Joule 2 (2018) 558-570. DOI URL
[19]	J. Luo, S. Li, H. Wu, Y. Zhou, Y. Li, J. Liu, J. Li, K. Li, F. Yi, G. Niu, J. Tang, ACS Photonics 5 (2017) 398-405. DOI URL
[20]	M.-G. Ju, M. Chen, Y. Zhou, H.F. Garces, J. Dai, L. Ma, N.P. Padture, X.C. Zeng, ACS Energy Lett. 3 (2018) 297-304. DOI URL
[21]	Y. Bekenstein, J.C. Dahl, J. Huang, W.T. Osowiecki, J.K. Swabeck, E.M. Chan, P. Yang, A.P. Alivisatos, Nano Lett. 18 (2018) 3502-3508. DOI URL
[22]	A. Singh, K.M. Boopathi, A. Mohapatra, Y.F. Chen, G. Li, C.W. Chu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 2566-2573. DOI URL
[23]	M. Wang, P. Zeng, Z. Wang, M. Liu, Adv. Sci. 7 (2020), 1903662. DOI URL
[24]	W.G. Li, X.D. Wang, J.F. Liao, Y. Jiang, D.B. Kuang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2020), 1909701. DOI URL
[25]	M. Chen, M.G. Ju, H.F. Garces, A.D. Carl, L.K. Ono, Z. Hawash, Y. Zhang, T. Shen, Y. Qi, R.L. Grimm, D. Pacifici, X.C. Zeng, Y. Zhou, N.P. Padture, Nat. Commun. 10 (2019) 16. DOI PMID
[26]	Y. Zhao, K. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 (2013) 2880-2884. DOI URL
[27]	G. Xing, B. Wu, S. Chen, J. Chua, N. Yantara, S. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, T.C. Sum, Small 11 (2015) 3606-3613. DOI URL
[28]	L. Etgar, P. Gao, Z. Xue, Q. Peng, A.K. Chandiran, B. Liu, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 17396-17399. DOI URL
[29]	B.C. O’Regan, P.R. Barnes, X. Li, C. Law, E. Palomares, J.M. Marin-Beloqui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 5087-5099. DOI URL
[30]	J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel, Nature 499 (2013) 316-319. DOI PMID
[31]	Z.-S. Wang, T. Yamaguchi, H. Sugihara, H. Arakawa, Langmuir 21 (2005) 4272-4276. DOI URL
[32]	D. Zhong, B. Cai, X. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Xing, S. Miao, W.-H. Zhang, C. Li, Nano Energy 11 (2015) 409-418. DOI URL
[33]	H. Lu, W. Tian, B. Gu, Y. Zhu, L. Li, Small 13 (2017), 1701535. DOI URL
[34]	A. Hagfeldt, G. Boschloo, L. Sun, L. Kloo, H. Pettersson, Chem. Rev. 110 (2010) 6595-6663. DOI URL
[35]	D.H. Kim, G.S. Han, W.M. Seong, J.-W. Lee, B.J. Kim, N.-G. Park, K.S. Hong, S. Lee, H.S. Jung, ChemSusChem 8 (2015) 2392-2398. DOI URL
[36]	J. Cho, J.T. DuBose, P.V. Kamat, Chem. Mater. 32 (2019) 510-517. DOI URL
[37]	J.T. DuBose, P.V. Kamat, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020) 5362-5370. DOI URL
[38]	M.M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T.N. Murakami, H.J. Snaith, Science 338 (2012) 643-647. DOI URL
[39]	Y. Li, J.K. Cooper, W. Liu, C.M. Sutter-Fella, M. Amani, J.W. Beeman, A. Javey, J.W. Ager, Y. Liu, F.M. Toma, I.D. Sharp, Nat. Commun. 7 (2016) 12446. DOI URL
[40]	W. Li, W. Zhang, S. Van Reenen, R.J. Sutton, J. Fan, A.A. Haghighirad, M.B. Johnston, L. Wang, H.J. Snaith, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 490-498. DOI URL
[41]	H. Bai, T. Shen, J. Tian, J. Mater. Chem. C 5 (2017) 10543-10548. DOI URL
[42]	W. Wang, D. Zhao, F. Zhang, L. Li, M. Du, C. Wang, Y. Yu, Q. Huang, M. Zhang, L. Li, J. Miao, Z. Lou, G. Shen, Y. Fang, Y. Yan, Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 (2017), 1703953. DOI URL
[43]	G. Cen, Y. Liu, C. Zhao, G. Wang, Y. Fu, G. Yan, Y. Yuan, C. Su, Z. Zhao, W. Mai, Small 15 (2019), e1902135.
[44]	C. Ma, Y. Shi, W. Hu, M.H. Chiu, Z. Liu, A. Bera, F. Li, H. Wang, L.J. Li, T. Wu, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 3683-3689. DOI URL
[45]	H. Tan, A. Jain, O. Voznyy, X. Lan, F. Pelayo Garcia de Arquer, J.Z. Fan, R. Quintero-Bermudez, M. Yuan, B. Zhang, Y. Zhao, F. Fan, P. Li, L.N. Quan, Y. Zhao, Z.-H. Lu, Z. Yang, S. Hoogland, E.H. Sargent, Science 355 (2017) 722-726. DOI URL
[46]	D. Liu, S. Li, P. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. Zhang, H. Sarvari, F. Wang, J. Wu, Z. Wang, Z.D. Chen, Nano Energy 31 (2017) 462-468. DOI URL
[47]	C. Wu, Q. Zhang, Y. Liu, W. Luo, X. Guo, Z. Huang, H. Ting, W. Sun, X. Zhong, S. Wei, S. Wang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018), 1700759. DOI URL
[48]	G. Yan, B. Jiang, Y. Yuan, M. Kuang, X. Liu, Z. Zeng, C. Zhao, J.H. He, W. Mai, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 6064-6073. DOI URL
[49]	Y. Zhao, C. Li, L. Shen, InfoMat 1 (2019) 164-182.
[50]	H. Wang, D.H. Kim, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 5204-5236. DOI URL
[51]	G. Konstantatos, I. Howard, A. Fischer, S. Hoogland, J. Clifford, E. Klem, L. Levina, E.H. Sargent, Nature 442 (2006) 180-183. PMID
[52]	L.-Z. Lei, Z.-F. Shi, Y. Li, Z.-Z. Ma, F. Zhang, T.-T. Xu, Y.-T. Tian, D. Wu, X.-J. Li, G.-T. Du, J. Mater. Chem. C 6 (2018) 7982-7988. DOI URL
[53]	C. Wu, B. Du, W. Luo, Y. Liu, T. Li, D. Wang, X. Guo, H. Ting, Z. Fang, S. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Xiao, Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 (2018), 1800811. DOI URL
[54]	Y. Tang, M. Liang, B. Chang, H. Sun, K. Zheng, T. Pullerits, Q. Chi, J. Mater. Chem. C 7 (2019) 3369-3374. DOI URL
[55]	H.-S. Duan, W. Yang, B. Bob, C.-J. Hsu, B. Lei, Y. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 (2013) 1466-1471. DOI URL
[56]	R. Sanjines, H. Tang, H. Berger, F. Gozzo, G. Margaritondo, F. Levy, J. Appl. Phys. 75 (1994) 2945. DOI URL

TiO₂ electron transport bilayer for all-inorganic perovskite photodetectors with remarkably improved UV stability toward imaging applications

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 56

Related Articles 5

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Jinming Hu, Shengyi Yang, Zhenheng Zhang, Hailong Li, Chandrasekar Perumal Veeramalai, Muhammad Sulaman, Muhammad Imran Saleem, Yi Tang, Yurong Jiang, Libin Tang, Bingsuo Zou. Solution-processed, flexible and broadband photodetector based on CsPbBr₃/PbSe quantum dot heterostructures [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 68(0): 216-226.
[2]	Kun Ye, Bochong Wang, Anmin Nie, Kun Zhai, Fusheng Wen, Congpu Mu, Zhisheng Zhao, Jianyong Xiang, Yongjun Tian, Zhongyuan Liu. Broadband photodetector of high quality Sb₂S₃ nanowire grown by chemical vapor deposition [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75(0): 14-20.
[3]	Muhammad Imran Saleem, Shangyi Yang, Attia Batool, Muhammad Sulaman, Chandrasekar Perumal Veeramalai, Yurong Jiang, Yi Tang, Yanyan Cui, Libin Tang, Bingsuo Zou. CsPbI₃ nanorods as the interfacial layer for high-performance, all-solution-processed self-powered photodetectors [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75(0): 196-204.
[4]	Husam S. Al-Salman, M.J. Abdullah. Fabrication and Characterization of Undoped and Cobalt-doped ZnO Based UV Photodetector Prepared by RF-sputtering [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29(12): 1139-1145.
[5]	Deheng ZHANG, Qingpu WANG, Yunyan LIU. Effects of Mg Doping on Photoconductivity of GaN Films [J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2003, 19(06): 575-577.