High-temperature oxidation behavior of modified 4Al alumina-forming austenitic steel: Effect of cold rolling

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.013

Abstract

Abstract:

The oxidation behavior and mechanism of as-received and 30 % cold-rolled alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steel were investigated in dry air at 700 °C. The results show that the mass gain per unit area curves of as-received and 30 % cold-rolled steels subject to near-parabolic law before 100 h oxidation time. Two samples both show higher high-temperature oxidation resistance due to the formation of dense Al₂O₃ oxide scale. Gradual spallation of outer scale results in the formation of continuous and dense alumina scale. Dislocations can act as short-circuit diffusion channel for the diffusion of Al from alloy matrix to surface, and also provide nucleation sites for B2-NiAl phase, which ensure the continuous formation of Al₂O₃ scale.

Key words: Alumina-forming austenitic steel, High-temperature oxidation, Cold rolling, Oxidation mechanism

Qiuzhi Gao, Ziyun Liu, Huijun Li, Hailian Zhang, Chenchen Jiang, Aimin Hao, Fu Qu, Xiaoping Lin. High-temperature oxidation behavior of modified 4Al alumina-forming austenitic steel: Effect of cold rolling[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 68: 91-102.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1 Chemical composition of AFA steel used in the present work (wt.%).

Fe	Cr	Ni	Al	Nb	Si	Ti	Mn	Mo	C	W	Cu
Bal.	11.16	20.54	3.96	2.02	0.14	0.013	2.06	2.25	0.06	0.05	0.05

Fig. 1. Inverse pole figures of the (a) as-received AFA sample, (b) 30 % cold-rolled AFA sample, (c) inverse pole figure for color code.

Table 2 Average grain size and fraction of CSL boundary of as-received sample and 30 % cold-rolled sample prior to high-temperature oxidation.

Samples	Fraction of CSL boundary (%)	Average grain size (μm)	Number of measured grains
As-received	4.73	3.41	860
30 % cold-rolled	2.87	3.58	863

Fig. 2. Grain boundary character map of the (a) as-received and (b) 30 % cold-rolled AFA steels. Black lines and colored lines represent the random boundaries and the CSL boundaries, respectively.

Fig. 3. The defects of 30 % cold-rolled sample: (a) holes; (b) micro-crack.

Fig. 4. Microstructures of the 30 % cold-rolled sample before high-temperature oxidation test: (a) TEM image of grain boundary and dislocation; (b) HRTEM image of grain boundary.

Fig. 5. Mass gains of as-received and 30 % cold-rolled samples as a function of oxidation time at 700 °C in dry air.

Fig. 6. (a) XRD patterns of oxide scales formed for the investigative samples after oxidation for 10 h, 100 h and 600 h at 700 °C in dry air, and (b) magnified micrograph of the rectangular area.

Fig. 7. Microstructures of the 30 % cold-rolled sample oxidized for 100 h: (a) TEM image of grain boundary; (b) HRTEM image of grain boundary; (c) TEM image of Laves; (d) SAD of Laves; (e) TEM image of B2-NiAl; (f) SAD of B2-NiAl.

Fig. 8. SEM images of surface morphologies: (a, c, e) as-received samples oxidized for 10 h, 100 h, 600 h; (b, d, f) 30 % cold-rolled samples oxidized for 10 h, 100 h, 600 h.

Table 3 EDS point analysis results (at.%) at areas 1, 2 for as-received and 30 % cold-rolled AFA samples shown in Fig. 8 (after oxidation for 100 h).

Area	O	Al	Fe	Cr	Mn	Nb	Ni
1	43.81	19.11	16.45	9.34	7.49	0.00	3.64
2	55.88	11.76	8.31	4.02	16.31	1.34	1.55

Fig. 9. Backscattered electron images of as-received samples after oxidation for different time and EDS area maps for various elements: (a) 10 h; (b) 100 h; (c) 600 h.

Fig. 10. Backscattered electron images of 30 % cold-rolled samples after oxidation for different time and EDS area maps for various elements: (a) 10 h; (b) 100 h; (c) 600 h.

Table 4 Volume fractions of B2-NiAl of as-received and 30 % cold-rolled steels after oxidation for 10 h, 100 h and 600 h.

Samples	10 h	100 h	600 h
As-received	-	1.16 %	2.24 %
30 % cold-rolled	2.46 %	3.23 %	11.68 %

Fig. 11. Schematic diagrams illustrating oxidation of the 30 % cold-rolled sample in dry air at 700 °C: (OM-I) fast oxidation stage, (OM-II) selective oxidation stage, (OM-III) stable oxidation stage.

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