J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 124: 14-25.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.077
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hongxiang Jianga,b,*(
), Yan Songa,b, Lili Zhanga, Jie Hea,b, Shixin Lia,b, Jiuzhou Zhaoa,b,*()
Received:2021-11-02
Revised:2021-12-13
Accepted:2021-12-31
Published:2022-10-10
Online:2022-04-01
Contact:
Hongxiang Jiang,Jiuzhou Zhao
About author:jzzhao@imr.ac.cn (J. Zhao).Hongxiang Jiang, Yan Song, Lili Zhang, Jie He, Shixin Li, Jiuzhou Zhao. Efficient grain refinement of Al alloys induced by in-situ nanoparticles[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 124: 14-25.
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic sketch of in-situ refinement strategy induced by TiB2 nanoparticles. (a) Schematic illustration of the experimental method. (b) Solubility products of TiAl3, TiB2 and AlB2 phases in Al melt. The units for the solubility products of TiAl3, TiB2 and AlB2 phases in Al melt are respectively [%Ti][%Al]3, [%Ti][%B]2, [%Al][%B]2.
Fig. 2. (a, b) FESEM microstructures and (c) size distribution of the TiB2 in the Al-5Ti-1B alloy wire used for the traditional refinement process.
Fig. 3. Grain structure of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy without refinement treatment.
Fig. 4. Grain morphologies of (a) 0.2% Al-5Ti-1B alloy, (b) 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B alloy, (c) 0.8% Al-5Ti-1B alloy, (d) 2% Al-5Ti-1B alloy, and (e) average size of the α-Al grains of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys processed by the traditional refinement strategy with different additive amounts of Al-5Ti-1B alloy. Holding time is 5 min.
Fig. 5. Effect of holding time on the grain morphologies (a, c, e) and size distributions (b, d, f) of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys processed by the traditional refinement strategy with 0.4% Al-5Ti-1B alloy. (a, b) Holding time is 5 min; (c, d) Holding time is 30 min; (e, f) Holding time is 60 min. The grain numbers collected for Fig. 5(a), (c) and (e) are respectively 186, 133 and 125. The error for average grain sizes for Fig. 5(a), (c) and (e) are respectively 28.3, 34.1 and 37.3 μm.
Fig. 6. Effect of holding time on the grain morphologies of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys processed by the traditional refinement strategy with 2% Al-5Ti-1B alloy. (a) Holding time is 30 min; (b) Holding time is 60 min.
Fig. 7. Grain morphologies (a, c, e) and size distributions (b, d, f) of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys processed by the in-situ refinement strategy. (a, b) Holding time is 5 min; (c, d) Holding time is 30 min; (e, f) Holding time is 60 min. The average grain size and width of grain size distribution faintly increase with the holding time. The grain numbers collected for Fig. 7(a), (c) and (e) are respectively 476, 409 and 384. The error for average grain sizes for Fig. 7(a), (c) and (e) are respectively 20.4, 20.6 and 17.2 μm.
Fig. 8. Microstructures of commercial purity Al treated by traditional refinement method and in-situ refinement strategy. Grain morphologies of (a) the commercial purity Al inoculated by using traditional refinement method and (b) the commercial purity Al processed by in-situ refinement strategy. (c) TEM image of TiB2 particles in the in-situ refined commercial purity Al. (d) SAED pattern for TiB2 particle.
| Element | D0j (m2/s) | Qj (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|
| Cu | 1.06 × 10-7 | 24.0 |
| Zn | 5.12 × 10-8 | 22.2 |
| Mg | 9.90 × 10-5 | 71.6 |
| Ti | 4.29 × 10-7 | 106.7 |
Table 1. Arrhenius parameters for the diffusion coefficients of Cu, Zn, Mg and Ti in the Al melt [46,55].
| Element | D0j (m2/s) | Qj (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|
| Cu | 1.06 × 10-7 | 24.0 |
| Zn | 5.12 × 10-8 | 22.2 |
| Mg | 9.90 × 10-5 | 71.6 |
| Ti | 4.29 × 10-7 | 106.7 |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Contact angle between α-Al and TiB2, θ | 4.8° |
| Strength of the anisotropy of the interfacial energy, ε | 0.3 |
| Gibbs-Thomson coefficient, Γ(m K) | 1.05 × 10-7 |
| Average jump distance of atom, δ (m) | 2.87 × 10-10 |
| Gas constant, Rg (J mol-1 K - 1) | 8.314 |
| Boltzmann's constant, kb (J K - 1) | 1.38 × 10-23 |
Table 2. Thermo-physical parameters used in the calculations [21,36,43,56].
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Contact angle between α-Al and TiB2, θ | 4.8° |
| Strength of the anisotropy of the interfacial energy, ε | 0.3 |
| Gibbs-Thomson coefficient, Γ(m K) | 1.05 × 10-7 |
| Average jump distance of atom, δ (m) | 2.87 × 10-10 |
| Gas constant, Rg (J mol-1 K - 1) | 8.314 |
| Boltzmann's constant, kb (J K - 1) | 1.38 × 10-23 |
Fig. 9. Kinetic behaviors of the TiB2 particles during traditional refinement process for Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy inoculated by 0.4%Al-5Ti-1B alloy. (a) Effect of holding time on the size distribution of TiB2 particles. (b) Effect of holding time on the number density and average size of TiB2 particles. The additive amount of refiner is 0.4%.
Fig. 10. Simulated grain morphologies evolution during traditional refinement process for Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy inoculated by 0.4%Al-5Ti-1B alloy. (a) Solid fraction is 3.0%. (b) Solid fraction is 20.0%. (c) Solid fraction is 90.0%. (d) Two dimensional (2D) grain morphology in the slice shown in (c). Holding time is 5 min. The computational size is 900 μm × 900 μm × 900 μm.
Fig. 11. (a) Time dependence of supersaturation, driving force and nucleation rate of TiB2 particles. (b) Time dependence of average radius and number density of TiB2 particles. (c) TiB2 particles size distributions at different holding time.
Fig. 12. Simulated grain morphologies evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy processed by in-situ refinement strategy. (a) Solid fraction is 3.0%. (b) Solid fraction is 20.0%. (c) Solid fraction is 90.0%. (d) Two dimensional (2D) grain morphology in the slice shown in (c). The holding time is 5 min. The computational size is 900 μm × 900 μm × 900 μm.
Fig. 13. Stokes settlement velocity of TiB2 particle vs. particle radius, and Stokes settlement distance of TiB2 particle with different radii vs. holding time. For the TiB2 particle with a radius less than 1 μm, the Stokes settlement velocity and settlement distance are both inappreciable.
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