Tuning thermal expansion by a continuing atomic rearrangement mechanism in a multifunctional titanium alloy

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.053

Abstract

Abstract:

As to multifunctional titanium alloys with high strength and low elastic modulus, thermal training is crucial to tune their thermal expansion from positive to negative, resulting in a novel linear expansion which is stable in a wide temperature range. Aided by the high-order Hooke’s law of elastic solids, a reversible atomic rearrangement mechanism was proposed to explain the novel findings which are unexpected from typical shape memory alloys. To confirm this continuous mechanism, a Ti-Nb based alloy, which possesses a nanoscale spongy microstructure consisting of the interpenetrated Nb-rich and Nb-lean domains produced by spinodal decomposition, was used to trace the crystal structure change by in-situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses. By increasing exposure time, the overlapped diffraction peaks can be separated accurately. The calculated results demonstrate that, in the nanoscale Nb-lean domains, the crystal structure parameters vary linearly with changing temperature along the atomic pathway of the bcc-hcp transition. This linear relationship in a wide temperature range is unusual for first-order martensitic shape memory alloys but is common for Invar alloys with high-order spin transitions. Furthermore, the alloy exhibits smooth DSC curves free of transformation-induced heat peaks observed in shape memory alloys, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism that the reversible transition is of high-order.

Key words: Coefficient of thermal expansion, Multifunctional titanium alloys, Spongy microstructure, Atomic rearrangement, Elastic anisotropy

D.L. Gong, H.L. Wang, E.G. Obbard, R. Yang, Y.L. Hao. Tuning thermal expansion by a continuing atomic rearrangement mechanism in a multifunctional titanium alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 80: 234-243.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the geometry of SXRD experiment. (b) 2D Debye-Scherrer diffraction rings measured at 298 K using a 6% pre-strained specimen.

Fig. 2. Tunable thermal expansion of Ti2448 alloy. (a) Thermal expansion curves of the specimen with the pre-strain of 6%, showing near ZTE (black curve) after the thermal training (red curve). (b) Effect of the pre-strain on expansion, which were measured after the thermal training.

Fig. 3. Smooth and fully-overlapped DSC curves during two heating-cooling cycles, in which the specimens were deformed with the pre-strain of 0 (a), 3% (b), 6% (c) and 9% (d).

Fig. 4. In-situ SXRD profiles of the specimen with a pre-strain of 6% measured between 298 and 573 K for two heating and cooling cycles. The first cooling was finished at 323 K.

Fig. 5. The in-plane lattice strains varied with temperature during two thermal cycles between 298 and 573 K. (a) (110) plane of bcc crystal and (b) (020) plane of orth crystal.

Fig. 6. SXRD profiles of the ZTE specimen. (a) The profile measured at 298 K to show peak fitting. (b) The profiles measured from 298 to 573 K at an interval of 25 K.

Fig. 7. The in-plane lattice strains of the bcc crystal (a) and orth crystal (b) in the ZTE specimen.

Table 1 Variations of CTEs with crystal orientations.

	Lattice plane	CTE (10^-6 K^-1)
bcc	(200)	1.5
	(110)	10.3
	(220)	11.2
	(211)	6.1
orth	(200)	70.4
	(020)	-22.3
	(021)	-7.4
	(022)	-21.9
	(131)	4.0
	(240)	5.2

Fig. 8. Influence of temperature on volume fraction of the orth crystal in the ZTE specimen, in which the volume fraction is characterized by the unified ratio of peak areas.

Fig. 9. Continuous and reversible atomic rearrangement via the coupled atomic shear and shuffle of the orth crystal in the ZTE specimen. (a) Linear shear-shuffle relation. (b) Linear shear-temperature relation. The diffusional data and the dash line in (a) from Ref. [30,35].

Table 2 Eigenvalues of the thermal expansion tensor.

	Tensor	Eigenvalue (10^-6 K^-1)
bcc	α₁₁	1.5
	α₂₂	22.0
	α₃₃	7.6
orth	α₁₁	70.4
	α₂₂	-22.3
	α₃₃	24.6

Fig. 10. The temperature-free CTEs of the orth crystal presented by 3D diagram (a) and its 2D cross-sections (b,c), showing the positive (red) and negative (blue) thermal expansions.

Table 3 The measured and modelled CTEs and Poisson’s ratios on the (110) plane of bcc crystal.

	CTE (×10^-6/K)		Poisson’s ratios
	<100>	<110>	<100>	<110>
Measured	1.5	10.3	0.83^#	-0.14^#
Modelled	2.2	10.8	0.76*	-0.20*

Fig. 11. The temperature-free positive CTEs of the elastically-distorted bcc crystal presented by 3D diagram (a) and 2D diagrams on its (100) (b) and (001) (c) planes.

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