Ultrahigh-energy and -power aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion microbatteries based on highly cation-compatible vanadium oxides

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.01.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Aqueous multivalent-metal-ion intercalation chemistries hold genuine promise to develop safe and powerful microbatteries for potential use in many miniaturized electronics. However, their development is beset by state-of-the-art electrode materials having practical capacities far below their theoretical values. Here we demonstrate that high compatibility between layered transition-metal oxide hosts and hydrated cation guests substantially boost their multi-electron-redox reactions to offer higher capacities and rate capability, based on typical bipolar vanadium oxides preintercalated with hydrated cations (M_xV₂O₅). When seamlessly integrated on Au current microcollectors with a three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous architecture that offers high pathways of electron transfer and ion transport, the constituent Zn_xV₂O₅ exhibits specific capacity of as high as ∼527 mAh g^-1 at 5 mV s^-1 and retains ∼300 mAh g^-1 at 200 mV s^-1 in 1 M ZnSO₄ aqueous electrolyte, outperforming the M_xV₂O₅ (M = Li, Na, K, Mg). This allows aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion microbatteries constructed with symmetric nanoporous Zn_xV₂O₅/Au interdigital microelectrodes as anode and cathode to show high-density energy of ∼358 mWh cm^-3 (a value that is forty-fold higher than that of 4 V/500 μAh Li thin film battery) at high levels of power delivery.

Key words: Multivalent metal ions, Aqueous rechargeable batteries, Microbatteries, Nanoporous metals, Metal/oxide composites

Sheng-Bo Wang, Qing Ran, Wu-Bin Wan, Hang Shi, Shu-Pei Zeng, Zi Wen, Xing-You Lang, Qing Jiang. Ultrahigh-energy and -power aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion microbatteries based on highly cation-compatible vanadium oxides[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 120: 159-166.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1. Schematic and microstructure characterization. (a) Schematic showing the AR-ZIMBs that are constructed by electrodepositing layered bipolar vanadium oxides with hydrated metal-ion preintercalation (MxV2O5, M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn) on 3D nanoporous Au current microcollectors. Inset: Crystal structure of preintercalated vanadium oxides viewed along the [110] direction. (b) Typical SEM image of interdigital-patterned nanoporous Au current microcollectors. (c) Representative cross-sectional SEM image of nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au microelectrodes. (d) Lattice-resolved HRTEM image of the constituent layered vanadium oxide with hydrated Zn2+ preintercalation, showing the 0.3467 nm distance of the (004) planes of crystalline ZnxV2O5. Inset: the FFT patterns of ZnxV2O5. (e) XRD patterns of layered vanadium oxides that are preintercalated with hydrated Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+ ions. (f) Interlayer spacing values of vanadium oxides preintercalated with different hydrated Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+ cations as a function of their hydrated ion diameters. Comparison for the ratio (h/d) of the interlayer spacing (h) and the diameter of hydrated metal ions (d).

Fig. 2. Compatibility between cation-preintercalated vanadium oxides and electrolytes. (a) Representative CV curves for nanoporous MxV2O5/Au (M = Li, Na, K, Mg and Zn) microelectrodes in 1 M ZnSO4 electrolyte. Scan rate: 50 mV s-1. Potential range: -0.8 to 0 V versus Ag/AgCl. (b) Specific capacities of nanoporous MxV2O5/Au (M = Li, Na, K, Mg and Zn) microelectrodes in Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4 and ZnSO4 electrolytes, respectively, at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1. (c) EIS spectra of nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au microelectrodes in Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4 and ZnSO4 electrolyte. Inset: A magnification of EIS at the high-frequency range. (d) Specific capacities of nanoporous MxV2O5/Au (M = Li, Na, K, Mg and Zn) microelectrodes as a function of the h/d ratio, reaching their maximum values at h/d = ～1.6.

Fig. 3. Electrochemical properties and mechanism of nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au microelectrodes. (a) Comparison of CV curves for nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au, MgxV2O5/Au, KxV2O5/Au, NaxV2O5/Au and LixV2O5/Au microelectrodes in ZnSO4, MgSO4, K2SO4, Na2SO4 and Li2SO4 electrolytes, respectively. Scan rates: 50 mV s-1. Potential window: -0.8-0 V versus Ag/AgCl. (b) Comparison of volumetric capacities for nanoporous MxV2O5/Au (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn) microelectrodes at various scan rates in their corresponding ZnSO4, MgSO4, Li2SO4, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 electrolytes. (c) b-value determination of the cathodic peak currents in a wide scan-rate range: b = ～0.88 up to 50 mV s-1, and b = ～0.5 for v > 50 mV s-1. (d) Normalized capacity versus v-1/2 allows for the separation of diffusion-controlled capacity from capacitive-controlled capacity.

Fig. 4. Electrochemical performance of AR-ZIMBs. (a) Representative CV curves for nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au microelectrodes working as anode and cathode in -0.8 to 0 V and 0-0.8 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in 1 M ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte, respectively. Scan rate: 10 mV s-1. (b) Comparison of representative CV curves for AR-ZIMBs based on nanoporous ZnxV2O5/Au or V2O5/Au microelectrodes in a voltage window of 0-1.6 V at the scan rate of 10 mV s-1. Electrolyte: 1 M ZnSO4. (c) Charge/discharge voltage profiles of ZnxV2O5/Au AR-ZIMBs in a voltage window of 0-1.6 V at various current densities. (d) Charge/discharge voltage profiles of V2O5/Au AR-ZIMBs in a voltage window of 0-1.6 V at various current densities. (e) Comparison of stack capacities for ZnxV2O5/Au and V2O5/Au AR-ZIMBs at various current densities. (f) Ragone plot comparing stack power and energy densities of ZnxV2O5/Au AR-ZIMB with NiSn-LMO LIMB and microbattery cells having 3D electrodes (MB1, MB2 and MB3) [7,8], capacitive MSCs based on onion-like carbon, graphene/carbon nanotube fibers, activated carbon (AC) [12,13], and pseudocapacitive LSG/MnO2 [15], as well as commercial 4 V/500 μAh Li thin film battery (LTFB) [12,13] and Sony CR1620 [7].

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