Recent progress in organic color-tunable phosphorescent materials

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.039

Abstract

Abstract:

Organic color-tunable phosphorescent materials depend upon multiple emission centers to achieve color-tunable phosphorescence with changes in excitation wavelength, temperature, time, and other external factors. Organic color-tunable phosphorescent materials are becoming increasingly popular due to their potential applications in anticounterfeiting, encryption and sensing. This brief review focuses on the formation of multiple emission centers in organic color-tunable phosphorescent materials and how to ensure that these multiple emission centers can simultaneously emit. In the future, materials with a large color tunable ranges, increased efficiency, and relatively long lives will be developed.

Key words: Photophysics, Polymers, Phosphorescence, Afterglows

Zhengshuo Wang, Hua Yuan, Yongzhi Zhang, Dandan Wang, Junping Ju, Yeqiang Tan. Recent progress in organic color-tunable phosphorescent materials[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 101: 264-284.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. The development of color-tunable phosphorescent materials [28,32,39,43,46,47].

Fig. 2. (A) Chemical structure and luminescence photographs of SA [46]. (B) The structure of BSA [56]. (C) Luminescence photographs of the D-Xyl crystals taken at room temperature under and after ceasing UV irradiation at different wavelengths [40].

Fig. 3. (A) Photographs of CBSI and OBSI single crystals taken under 312 and 365 nm UV lights or after ceasing the irradiation at room temperature [39]. (B) Photographs of pCBP crystals at different periods of time after removing the excitation source [43]. (C) Photographs of HA crystals taken under 312 and 365 nm UV lights or after ceasing the UV irradiations at room temperature [48]. (D) Chemical structure and photographs of DST and DPT crystal taken after ceasing the 365 nm UV irradiations [60]. (E) The photophysical properties of TMOT. Left: excitation-phosphorescence mapping and UOP spectra of TMOT powder. Right: CIE coordinates and UOP Photographs of TMOT excited by varied wavelength [28].

Fig. 4. (A) Photoluminescence spectra and photographs taken under 365 nm UV lamp of crst-A, B, C and D at room temperature and 77 K. Excitation wavelength (nm): 365 (crst-A), 430 (crst-B), 370 (crst-C and D). Photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of crst-A, B, C and D at room temperature [44]. (B) Photoluminescence spectra, photographs and quantum efficiencies of different crystals of Dye-4 [65].

Fig. 5. (A) Luminescence photographs of PNIPAM solution under or after different wavelengths of UV radiation at 77 K [87]. (B) Schematic illustration of interactions and UOP of PVP and PVP-S [47].

Fig. 6. (A) Schematic illustration of the synthesis and structure of copolymers [92]. (B) Schematic illustration of the synthesis, preparation and luminescence photographs of SA derivatives [37]. (C) Luminescence photographs of PVA doped with polyphosphazenes [33].

Fig. 7. (A) Schematic illustration of CTE mechanism of SA [46]. Crystal structures of CBSI (B) and OBSI (C). (D) Electron densities of HOMO and LUMO levels of CBSI [39].

Fig. 8. (A) The lifetime profiles and PXRD patterns of PSSNa solid in a humid environment. (B) The excitation spectra of PSSNa solid under different emission wavelength at 77 K. (C) 2D GI-WAXS pattern of dry PSSNa film. (D, E) DFT optimizing molecular structures of PSSNa. (F) Proposed mechanism for color-tunable phosphorescence of PSSNa [90]. (G, H, I) Schematic illustration and proposed mechanism for color-tunable phosphorescence of P4 doped in PVA films. (J) AFM characterization of films with different doping concentrations. (K) Cross-sectional analysis along the red lines corresponding to (J) [33].

Fig. 14. (A) Schematic illustration for the preparation of anti-counterfeiting ink. (B) The UOP photograph of the anti-counterfeiting of doped PVA [33].

Fig. 9. (A) H-aggregation in crystal structures of TMOT [28]. (B) Phosphorescent properties of DPT and DST. (C) Crystal structures of DPT and DST [60]. (D) Schematic illustration of the J-aggregation to improve phosphorescence efficiency of TX derivatives [97].

Fig. 10. (A) Schematic illustration of the PDNA (left) and color tunable phosphorescence of PDNA (right) and proposed mechanism of color-tunable phosphorescence of PDNA [38]. (B) Proposed mechanism and theoretical calculation of pCBP (left) and mCBP (right) [43]. (C) Schematic illustration of proposed mechanism of the tri-mode afterglow of DCzB [7].

Fig. 11. (A) Schematic illustration of multi-channel and static anticounterfeiting of TPA crystal powder. (B) Schematic illustration of multi-channel and dynamic anticounterfeiting of CBSI crystal powder [39]. (C) Anticounterfeiting patterns of HA [48]. (D) Schematic illustration of dual-coded anticounterfeiting of pCBP [43].

Fig. 12. (A) Schematic illustration of screen printing for encryption and color-tunable UOP with different excitation wavelengths and time. (B) Schematic illustration of encryption of MEL-containing epoxy resin patterns. (C) Schematic illustration of binary coding and two-dimensional code recognition [103].

Fig. 13. (A, B) Schematic illustration of anticounterfeiting of SA derivatives as ink. (C) Schematic illustration of multi-coding data encryption using SA-Np as ink with time-dependent and λex-dependent afterglows. [37]

Fig. 15. (A) Afterglow photographs of the patterns of DCzB crystal powder before (UV on) and after (UV off) ceasing the 365 nm UV light at different temperature [7]. (B) PXRD patterns of TPA in solid fumed with ammonia or hydrogen chloride gas and with different periods of exposure time. Inset: corresponding UOP photographs of the samples. (C) The corresponding phosphorescence spectra of the TPA shown in (B) [47]. (D) The color chart of UV light detection used with glycolylurea crystals [27].

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